Smoking and schizophrenia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Castle ◽  
Peter F. Buckley ◽  
Fiona P. Gaughran
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Nicotine Replacement Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Enhancement ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Social Affiliation ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Side Effects

Rates of cigarette smoking are extremely high among people with schizophrenia. Reasons include social affiliation factors, negative symptom amelioration, and cognitive enhancement. It is crucial that people with schizophrenia are provided with information about the risks associated with smoking and given the opportunity to engage in smoking cessation programmes. Medications such as nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, and varenicline can be used effectively and safely, but extra vigilance for neuropsychiatric side effects is required. There is potentially a role for electronic cigarettes in helping people with schizophrenia quit smoking, but more research is required in this regard.

Electronic cigarettes: weighing up the evidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 288-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Cope
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Young People ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Nicotine Replacement Therapy ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Potential Harm ◽  
Cautious Approach ◽  
Worrying Trend ◽  
Limited Period

Electronic cigarettes have been evaluated and assessed as a smoking cessation tool; however, as Graham Cope explains, a more cautious approach may be needed and users should be made aware of the potential harm of these devices Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have been evaluated to assess their safety and value as a smoking cessation tool. They were deemed to be a safer alternative to tobacco smoking. The vapour emitted was regarded as harmless and that society's attitudes should change to encourage these devices into everyday use, and therefore the regulations should be relaxed to assist the decline of tobacco smoking. However, a more cautious approach argues that nicotine replacement therapy should be used first, and only after that fails should smoking e-cigarettes, known as vaping, be done at low strength and for a limited period. Users should be made aware that nicotine from e-cigarettes could be harmful and the increasing use of attractive forms of vaping by young people is a worrying trend.

scholarly journals Acute Exercise Effects on Craving and Withdrawal Symptoms among Women Attempting to Quit Smoking Using Nicotine Replacement Therapy

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Therese Harper ◽  
Lyndsay Fitzgeorge ◽  
Amelia Tritter ◽  
Harry Prapavessis
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Nicotine Replacement Therapy ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Withdrawal Symptoms ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Nicotine Replacement ◽  
Quit Smoking

Background: Cigarette cravings are one of the most often expressed difficulties related to quitting. The effect of acute exercise on craving and withdrawal symptoms during a pharmacological based smoking cessation intervention is unknown. Methods: Participants included female smokers (n = 178) undertaking the Getting Physical on Cigarettes trial — a 14-week exercise-aided nicotine replacement therapy (NRT, i.e. patch) cessation program. They completed the Shiffman-Jarvik scale immediately before and after the first scheduled exercise session during weeks 5, 11, and 13. The first exercise session (week 5) occurred shortly after participants quit smoking (week 4) and began their 21 mg NRT patch dose. The second and third exercise bout coincided soon after participants stepped down their NRT strength to 14 mg (week 11) and 7 mg (week 13), respectively. Results: Significant reductions in cigarette craving were demonstrated following exercise at all three time points (i.e. week 5, 11, and 13). Significant reductions in psychological and sedation withdrawal symptoms were shown at week 5 and 11, but not at week 13. Significant increases in physical symptoms were found at week 5 and 11, but not week 13. No significant change in appetite was evident at any time point. Conclusions: An acute bout of moderate intensity exercise can alleviate cravings as well as psychological and sedation withdrawal symptoms in quitters during a 14-week exercise-aided NRT smoking cessation program. Promoting exercise among women using NRT is recommended.

scholarly journals Varenicline is More Effective than Nicotine Replacement Therapy During Pregnancy: Findings from the Smoking MUMS (Maternal Use of Medications and Safety) Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie KY Choi ◽  
Duong T Tran ◽  
David B Preen ◽  
Deborah Randall ◽  
Anna Kemp-Casey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Nicotine Replacement Therapy ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Propensity Scores ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Nicotine Replacement ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Expected Benefits

IntroductionStudies in the general population suggest that varenicline is more effective than nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for smoking cessation. However, clinical guidelines recommend against the use of varenicline during pregnancy and suggest NRT be used when the expected benefits outweigh the potential risks. Objectives and ApproachWe evaluated whether varenicline was more effective than NRT for smoking cessation when used during pregnancy. Routinely-collected records of all births (01/01/2011-12/31/2012) in New South Wales and Western Australia were used to identify a cohort of women who smoked during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. Pharmaceutical dispensing data were then linked to identify varenicline or NRT dispensing in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. Smoking cessation was defined as women reported not smoking after the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. Inverse probability of treatment weighting with propensity scores were used to account for differences between the two treatment groups. ResultsOverall, 117 women used varenicline and 135 NRT in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. In the unweighted sample, more women who used varenicline quit smoking after the first 20 weeks than women using NRT (28.2% vs. 11.1%, crude rate difference:17.1%, 95% confidence intervals[CI]:7.4-26.8%). In the weighted sample, quitting rate was 12.7% (95%CI:0.8-24.6%) higher in pregnant smokers who used varenicline (27.4% vs. 14.7%) when compared to those who used NRT. Conclusion/ImplicationsPregnant smokers using varenicline were more likely to quit smoking than those using NRT. This information will assist healthcare providers to make informed recommendations, but data regarding safety of varenicline in pregnancy are also urgently needed. Future studies with greater statistical power are required to confirm our results.

Using Nicotine Replacement Therapy in Treating Nicotine Addiction in Adolescents

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 278-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumar Maharaj ◽  
Sharon Ternullo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Nicotine Replacement Therapy ◽  
Time Course ◽  
The United States ◽  
Withdrawal Symptoms ◽  
Preventable Death ◽  
Pharmacological Interventions

Cigarette smoking is the greatest cause of preventable death and disability in the United States. More than 3,000 children in the United States begin smoking each day. Smokers experience withdrawal symptoms that can be ameliorated by pharmacological interventions. These interventions include Zyban (Bupropion HCl), Nicorette gum, Habitrol patch, Nicoderm patch, Nicotrol inhaler, and Nicotrol NS spray, along with their generic counterparts. This article reviews each of these agents, the time course of nicotine withdrawal symptoms, and the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire and presents a framework for assisting the nicotine-addicted student in smoking cessation.

Is Stress Management Training a Useful Addition to Physician Advice and Nicotine Replacement Therapy during Smoking Cessation in Women? Results of a Randomized Trial

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika E. Slovinec D'Angelo ◽  
Robert D. Reid ◽  
Stephen Hotz ◽  
Jane Irvine ◽  
Roanne J. Segal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Stress Management ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Nicotine Replacement Therapy ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Nicotine Replacement ◽  
Quit Smoking

Purpose. To determine whether a stress management (SM) program could improve cessation rates when added to usual care (UC) among women attempting to quit smoking. Design. Randomized controlled trial conducted during a 12-month period. Setting. Smoking cessation clinics located within two tertiary care centers in Ottawa, Ontario. Subjects. A total of 332 women smokers 19 years or older who smoked 10 or more cigarettes per day were recruited via advertisements. Intervention. Either UC (physician advice and nicotine replacement therapy) or UC plus an eight-session group SM training program (coping skills development relevant to smoking-specific and generic stressors). Measures. Point prevalence abstinence 2 and 12 months after study intake. A secondary outcome of interest was change in perceived stress during the intervention period. Results. On an intent-to-treat basis, the addition of SM to UC had no incremental effect on 2-or 12-month abstinence rates. Abstinence rates at 2 months were 26.2% vs. 31.7% in the UC and SM groups, respectively (p = .59). At 12 months, the rates were 18.5% vs. 20.7% (p = .86). When quit rates were compared including only participants who demonstrated adequate adherence to the intervention protocol, there was a significant difference between the UC and SM groups at 2 months (34.9% vs. 48.7%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.88; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–3.42; p = .04) but not at 12 months (23.0% vs. 28.2%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.24; 95% confidence interval, .64–2.41; p = .53). There was a significant reduction in perceived stress from preintervention to postintervention; however, this decrease was not moderated by group assignment. Conclusion. The addition of SM in our setting neither increased abstinence rates nor reduced perceived stress over and above UC in women motivated to quit smoking. Poor attendance at the SM intervention undermined its effectiveness.

scholarly journals Adverse events of smoking cessation treatments (nicotine replacement therapy and non-nicotine prescription medication) and electronic cigarettes in the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System, 2004−2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 205031211877795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumi Motooka ◽  
Toshinobu Matsui ◽  
Rachel M Slaton ◽  
Ryogo Umetsu ◽  
Akiho Fukuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Adverse Event ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Nicotine Replacement Therapy ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Reporting Odds Ratio ◽  
Nicotine Replacement

Objectives: Several smoking cessation treatments (nicotine replacement therapy and non-nicotine prescription medication) and electronic cigarettes are widely used. We evaluated the adverse events related to smoking cessation treatments and electronic cigarettes in the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System database. Methods: We analyzed reports of adverse events associated with smoking cessation treatment and electronic cigarettes terms dated between January 2004 and December 2016. We used the reporting odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals to detect a signal for each adverse event. Results: In total, 8,867,135 reports in the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System database were analyzed. The numbers of adverse events for nicotine replacement therapy (transdermal, buccal, oral, and respiratory administration) were 1673, 1016, 425, and 56, respectively. Nicotine replacement therapy (transdermal, buccal, and oral) demonstrated adverse events of nausea, nicotine dependence, and dizziness. For nicotine (transdermal) exposure, the top 5 adverse events reported were nausea (149 cases, reporting odds ratio: 2.28 (95% confidence interval: 1.92–2.69)), dizziness (132 cases, reporting odds ratio: 3.04 (95% confidence interval: 2.54–3.63)), application site erythema (108 cases, reporting odds ratio: 32.52 (95% confidence interval: 26.74–39.55)), headache (98 cases, reporting odds ratio: 1.84 (95% confidence interval: 1.50–2.25)), and dyspnea (94 cases, reporting odds ratio: 1.93 (95% confidence interval: 1.57–2.38)). Many cases of improper use of nicotine replacement therapies were reported. Nausea, depression, abnormal dreams, insomnia, and other adverse events were reported for varenicline. Insomnia, rash, anxiety, and dizziness were reported for bupropion. We observed electronic cigarettes–related adverse events such as dizziness, dyspnea, nausea, heart rate increased, and tremor. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that an association exists between nicotine-related adverse events and nicotine replacement therapy. Healthcare professionals should closely monitor smokers trying to quit nicotine use for the misuse of nicotine replacement therapy. These findings may be informative to healthcare professionals in order to improve the management of smoking cessation treatment.

scholarly journals Correlates of use of electronic cigarettes versus nicotine replacement therapy for help with smoking cessation

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 1869-1873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pallav Pokhrel ◽  
Melissa A. Little ◽  
Pebbles Fagan ◽  
Crissy T. Kawamoto ◽  
Thaddeus A. Herzog
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Nicotine Replacement Therapy ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Nicotine Replacement

scholarly journals Level of Alcohol Consumption and Successful Smoking Cessation

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1058-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krystal L Lynch ◽  
Jenny E Twesten ◽  
Alexandra Stern ◽  
Erik M Augustson
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Nicotine Replacement Therapy ◽  
Heavy Drinking ◽  
Moderate Drinking ◽  
Heavy Alcohol ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Alcohol Users

Abstract Introduction The negative association between heavy alcohol use and likelihood of successful smoking cessation is well established. However, evidence on the effects of moderate alcohol consumption on smoking cessation is sparse. This analysis evaluated the association between alcohol use and smoking and the interaction of alcohol use and use of pharmacotherapy interventions in relation to smoking cessation. Methods Data from adults (n = 923) recruited through a smoking cessation website between November 2011 and March 2012 were analyzed. Data on past-year alcohol use, tobacco use, and demographics were collected at baseline. Self-reported smoking abstinence and current alcohol use data were collected at 1 and 7 months posttreatment. Chi-square and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results At 1 month, adjusted odds of continued smoking were 1.54 times greater (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05% to 2.23%) for moderate drinkers and 2.59 times greater (95% CI = 1.33% to 4.28%) for heavy drinkers than nondrinkers. At 7 months, adjusted odds of continued smoking were not greater for moderate drinkers than nondrinkers, and were 2.32 times greater (95% CI = 1.35% to 3.96%) among heavy alcohol drinkers than nondrinkers. At 1 month, adjusted odds of smoking cessation were 2.33 times greater (95% CI = 1.04% to 3.09%) for alcohol users assigned to nicotine replacement therapy than for those not assigned to nicotine replacement therapy. This relationship was not observed at 7 months. Conclusions Moderate and heavy drinking might impact smoking cessation efforts. Recent moderate drinking may be associated with short-term continued smoking and heavy drinking associated with relapse in the short and long term. Implications This study suggests that moderate drinking may influence the process to quit smoking. Further study is needed to better understand the implications of moderate drinking for smoking cessation. Providing information alone may not be effective in helping people abstain from drinking during smoking cessation, especially if moderate drinkers do not perceive their behavior as reducing their chance for a successful quit attempt. Tailoring smoking cessation interventions to include strategies to reduce moderate-to-heavy alcohol consumption may improve smoking cessation outcomes among alcohol users attempting to quit smoking.

scholarly journals Electronic cigarettes in standard smoking cessation treatment by tobacco counselors in Flanders: E-cigarette users show similar if not higher quit rates as those using commonly recommended smoking cessation aids

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolien Adriaens ◽  
Eline Belmans ◽  
Dinska Van Gucht ◽  
Frank Baeyens
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Smoking Abstinence ◽  
Smoking Cessation Treatment ◽  
Cessation Treatment ◽  
Point Prevalence Abstinence

Abstract Background This interventional-cohort study tried to answer if people who smoke and choose an e-cigarette in the context of smoking cessation treatment by tobacco counselors in Flanders are achieving smoking abstinence and how they compare to clients who opt for commonly recommended (or no) aids (nicotine replacement therapy, smoking cessation medication). Methods Participants were recruited by tobacco counselors. They followed smoking cessation treatment (in group) for 2 months. At several times during treatment and 7 months after quit date, participants were asked to fill out questionnaires and to perform eCO measurements. Results One third of all participants (n = 244) achieved smoking abstinence 7 months after the quit date, with e-cigarette users having higher chances to be smoking abstinent at the final session compared to NRT users. Point prevalence abstinence rates across all follow-up measurements, however, as well as continuous and prolonged smoking abstinence, were similar in e-cigarette users and in clients having chosen a commonly recommended (or no) smoking cessation aid. No differences were obtained between smoking cessation aids with respect to product use and experiences. Conclusions People who smoke and choose e-cigarettes in the context of smoking cessation treatment by tobacco counselors show similar if not higher smoking cessation rates compared to those choosing other evidence-based (or no) smoking cessation aids.

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