Infectious diseases and prions

2021 ◽  
pp. 163-186
Author(s):  
Davidson H. Hamer ◽  
Amira Khan ◽  
Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Disease Mortality ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
Parasitic Pathogens

Infectious diseases continue to contribute considerably to the global burden of morbidity, disability, and mortality, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Lower respiratory infections, diarrhoea, and tuberculosis remain among the top ten causes of mortality for all ages and sexes. Moreover, the emergence of many new viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic pathogens as well as rising antimicrobial resistance are current challenges. Despite a decline in infectious disease mortality, the growing dangers of antimicrobial resistance and emerging infections pose a critical threat to the health of millions. It is imperative, now more than ever, to scale up interventions for prevention and control of infectious diseases while promoting judicious use of antimicrobials.

Global trends in antimicrobial resistance in animals in low- and middle-income countries

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 365 (6459) ◽  
pp. eaaw1944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Van Boeckel ◽  
João Pires ◽  
Reshma Silvester ◽  
Cheng Zhao ◽  
Julia Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Middle Income Countries

The global scale-up in demand for animal protein is the most notable dietary trend of our time. Antimicrobial consumption in animals is threefold that of humans and has enabled large-scale animal protein production. The consequences for the development of antimicrobial resistance in animals have received comparatively less attention than in humans. We analyzed 901 point prevalence surveys of pathogens in developing countries to map resistance in animals. China and India represented the largest hotspots of resistance, with new hotspots emerging in Brazil and Kenya. From 2000 to 2018, the proportion of antimicrobials showing resistance above 50% increased from 0.15 to 0.41 in chickens and from 0.13 to 0.34 in pigs. Escalating resistance in animals is anticipated to have important consequences for animal health and, eventually, for human health.

scholarly journals A road-map for addressing antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries: lessons learnt from the public private participation and co-designed antimicrobial stewardship programme in the State of Kerala, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Singh ◽  
Esmita Charani ◽  
Sarada Devi ◽  
Anuj Sharma ◽  
Fabia Edathadathil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Stewardship ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
The State ◽  
Action Plans ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Public Health Threat

Abstract Background The global concern over antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is gathering pace. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are at the epicentre of this growing public health threat and governmental and healthcare organizations are at different stages of implementing action plans to tackle AMR. The South Indian state of Kerala was one of the first in India to implement strategies and prioritize activities to address this public health threat. Strategies Through a committed and collaborative effort from all healthcare related disciplines and its professional societies from both public and private sector, the Kerala Public Private Partnership (PPP) has been able to deliver a state-wide strategy to tackle AMR A multilevel strategic leadership model and a multilevel implementation approach that included developing state-wide antibiotic clinical guidelines, a revision of post-graduate and undergraduate medical curriculum, and a training program covering all general practitioners within the state the PPP proved to be a successful model for ensuring state-wide implementation of an AMR action plan. Collaborative work of multi-professional groups ensured co-design and development of disease based clinical treatment guidelines and state-wide infection prevention policy. Knowledge exchange though international and national platforms in the form of workshops for sharing of best practices is critical to success. Capacity building at both public and private institutions included addressing practical and local solutions to the barriers e.g. good antibiotic prescription practices from primary to tertiary care facility and infection prevention at all levels. Conclusion Through 7 years of stakeholder engagement, lobbying with government, and driving change through co-development and implementation, the PPP successfully delivered an antimicrobial stewardship plan across the state. The roadmap for the implementation of the Kerala PPP strategic AMR plan can provide learning for other states and countries aiming to implement action plans for AMR.

scholarly journals Infectious diseases acquired by international travellers visiting the USA†

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhett J Stoney ◽  
Douglas H Esposito ◽  
Phyllis Kozarsky ◽  
Davidson H Hamer ◽  
Martin P Grobusch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
International Tourist ◽  
Clinical Diagnoses ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Systemic Infections

Abstract Background Estimates of travel-related illness have focused predominantly on populations from highly developed countries visiting low- or middle-income countries, yet travel to and within high-income countries is very frequent. Despite being a top international tourist destination, few sources describe the spectrum of infectious diseases acquired among travellers to the USA. Methods We performed a descriptive analysis summarizing demographic and travel characteristics, and clinical diagnoses among non-US-resident international travellers seen during or after travel to the USA at a GeoSentinel clinic from 1 January 1997 through 31 December 2016. Results There were 1222 ill non-US-resident travellers with 1393 diagnoses recorded during the 20-year analysis period. Median age was 40 (range 0–86 years); 52% were female. Patients visited from 63 countries and territories, most commonly Canada (31%), Germany (14%), France (9%) and Japan (7%). Travellers presented with a range of illnesses; skin and soft tissue infections of unspecified aetiology were the most frequently reported during travel (29 diagnoses, 14% of during-travel diagnoses); arthropod bite/sting was the most frequently reported after travel (173 diagnoses, 15% after-travel diagnoses). Lyme disease was the most frequently reported arthropod-borne disease after travel (42, 4%). Nonspecific respiratory, gastrointestinal and systemic infections were also among the most frequently reported diagnoses overall. Low-frequency illnesses (<2% of cases) made up over half of diagnoses during travel and 41% of diagnoses after travel, including 13 cases of coccidioidomycosis and mosquito-borne infections like West Nile, dengue and Zika virus diseases. Conclusions International travellers to the USA acquired a diverse array of mostly cosmopolitan infectious diseases, including nonspecific respiratory, gastrointestinal, dermatologic and systemic infections comparable to what has been reported among travellers to low- and middle-income countries. Clinicians should consider the specific health risks when preparing visitors to the USA and when evaluating and treating those who become ill.

scholarly journals Evolution of disease mortality burden in Cuba: 1990-2005

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando H. Seuc ◽  
Emma Domínguez
Keyword(s):  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Disease Mortality ◽  
National Mortality ◽  
Summary Measures ◽  
The One

The objective of this study was to estimate the evolution of the burden of disease in Cuba for 20 major causes at five year intervals from 1990 to 2005, in terms of mortality and years of life lost due to premature death (YLL), using national mortality registries. Six summary measures were computed for each of the 20 major causes of death which characterized the evolution of the disease burden over the period studied. The 20 causes were then grouped according to their behaviour in these summary measures; hierarchical cluster analysis was used to support this grouping process. We compute YLL results with and without age-weighting and time discounting (3%). The 20 major causes were grouped into 12 subgroups, each with a particular pattern. The burden of disease in Cuba during the period 1990-2005 has a peculiar pattern that does not reproduce the one characteristic of other low- and middle-income countries. The approach used in this study supports a better description of mortality and YLL trends for major causes, for identifying possible explanations, and for supporting public health policy making. It seems convenient to reproduce this analysis using shorter time intervals, e.g. annually.

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