Anatomy and physiology

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-28
Author(s):  
Terry Robinson ◽  
Jane Scullion
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Wide Tube ◽  
Exchange Area ◽  
Lower Airways ◽  
And Function

This chapter covers some fundamental aspects of the respiratory tract, and describes the structure and function of both the upper and lower airways, processes by which air is moved from the external environment to the gas exchange area of the lungs, and some of the aspects of the normal respiratory tract which are affected by the more common respiratory diseases. Its functions in terms of respiration are to facilitate the uptake of oxygen; eliminate carbon dioxide; and maintain the pH of the blood. Conventionally the tract is divided into upper and lower parts. The upper tract is composed of the mouth, nasal passages, and behind these a wide tube termed the pharynx. This receives inhaled air from the nose and mouth and accordingly is termed the naso- and oropharynx, respectively.

scholarly journals ENaC structure and function in the wake of a resolved structure of a family member

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (4) ◽  
pp. F684-F696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ossama B. Kashlan ◽  
Thomas R. Kleyman
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Ion Channel ◽  
Functional Data ◽  
Ion Selectivity ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Channel Assembly ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

Our understanding of epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) structure and function has been profoundly impacted by the resolved structure of the homologous acid-sensing ion channel 1 (ASIC1). The structure of the extracellular and pore regions provide insight into channel assembly, processing, and the ability of these channels to sense the external environment. The absence of intracellular structures precludes insight into important interactions with intracellular factors that regulate trafficking and function. The primary sequences of ASIC1 and ENaC subunits are well conserved within the regions that are within or in close proximity to the plasma membrane, but poorly conserved in peripheral domains that may functionally differentiate family members. This review examines functional data, including ion selectivity, gating, and amiloride block, in light of the resolved ASIC1 structure.

Gas Exchange of the Avian Egg Time, Structure, and Function

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 477-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
HERMANN RAHN ◽  
AMOS AR
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Time Structure ◽  
And Function ◽  
Avian Egg

scholarly journals Mouse Lung Structure and Function after Long-Term Exposure to an Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Level Predicted by Climate Change Modeling

2021 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 017001
Author(s):  
Alexander N. Larcombe ◽  
Melissa G. Papini ◽  
Emily K. Chivers ◽  
Luke J. Berry ◽  
Robyn M. Lucas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Mouse Lung ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Level ◽  
Lung Structure ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Die brein soos beskou deur die Grieke en Romeine

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francois P. Retief ◽  
Louise Cilliers
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Human Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
And Function ◽  
Remarkable Advance ◽  
The Brain

In Ancient Egypt mummification was associated with extensive organ resection, but the brain was removed through a hole cut in the ethnocide bone. It was thus not observed as an organ. Greek writers of the 6th and 5th centuries BC originally said the brain was the seat of intelligence, the organ of sensory perception and partially the origin of sperm. The substance pneuma, originating from fresh air, played an essential role in brain function. Hippocrates initially described the brain as a double organ, covered by meninges and responsible for perception. Contemporaries like Plato, Aristotle and Diocles confirmed the findings though the latter two considered the heart to be the centre of intelligence. During the late 4th century BC, with the onset of the Hellenistic era of medicine, dissection of the human body was temporarily allowed at the medical school of Alexandria, and this led to a remarkable advance in the understanding of human anatomy and physiology under Herophilus and Erasistratus. Their excellent descriptions of the structure and function of the brain was only matched and surpassed by Galen in the 2nd century AD.

Anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Jennie Burch ◽  
Brigitte Collins
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gall Bladder ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Pelvic Cavity ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
And Function

The anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract chapter provides information on the parts, structure, and function of the gut. The hollow tube of the gastrointestinal tract begins at the mouth and ends at the anus. The GI tract in part lies within the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity. There are also the accessory organs of the liver, pancreas, and gall bladder. The nerves, hormones, secretions, and blood supply to the gut are also explored. The role of the GI tract is to ingest food and fluids. These are digested through mechanical and chemical means such as chewing. The nutrients are then absorbed, predominantly in the ileum. Waste products are finally eliminated via the anus.

Summary of Application of Intelligent Materials in Building

2013 ◽  
Vol 357-360 ◽  
pp. 1093-1096
Author(s):  
En Yu Sun ◽  
Wan Li Bi
Keyword(s):  
External Environment ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
System Failure ◽  
Local Damage ◽  
Bionic Design ◽  
In Situ Composite ◽  
Intelligent Material ◽  
Regeneration Mechanism ◽  
And Function

Intelligent material is a kind of multifunctional composite bionic design, can sense environmental conditions, through the sensor network, interest will be provided to the control system, to respond to take action. Self-diagnosis and through self-growth, in situ composite regeneration mechanism of system failure, repair some local damage or destroy; to the changing external environment and conditions, timely adjust its structure and function. Because of its relative to the performance of traditional materials with special excellent, with broad prospects for development.

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