Ethics and migrant psychiatry

2021 ◽  
pp. 423-430
Author(s):  
Nicholas A. Deakin ◽  
Antonio Ventriglio ◽  
Dinesh Bhugra
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Ethical Practice ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Ethical Frameworks ◽  
Ethical Decisions ◽  
Practice Of Medicine ◽  
Concepts Of Health ◽  
Critical Components ◽  
Professional Judgement

Ethical practice of medicine in general and psychiatry in particular form an integral part of medical professionalism in order to ensure that patients not only get the best treatments for their needs but also that these are delivered in an ethical framework. For centuries, doctors and psychiatrists have continued to rely on the four principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice as critical components of decision-making in treating their patients. As the concepts of health have changed the basic principles remain the same. This “four principles” approach has much to offer medical professionals when they are faced with ethical dilemmas in clinical and non-clinical practice. In this chapter, we outline the basis of these principles and consider the key strengths while using this theory. For psychiatrists there is a major imperative as their actions can deprive patients of their liberty. The “four principles” should be considered when making ethical decisions, and in conjunction with professional judgement and wider ethical frameworks.

Misconduct and the Development of Ethics in the Biological Sciences

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley Joel Reiser
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Scientific Misconduct ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
The Public ◽  
Ethical Decisions ◽  
Selective Approach ◽  
Practice Of Medicine ◽  
Ethical Choices ◽  
The 1960S

A variety of cases of scientific misconduct have been documented since the 1980s among biological scientists. These cases have focused the attention of the public and scientific community on this behavior and made it the centerpiece of the concern about ethics in the biological sciences. In contrast, the ethics movement in clinical medicine, which arose in the 1960s, was not basically directed at the problems of wrong-doing. Instead it concentrated on the difficult ethical choices that had to be made In the practice of medicine.In this essay, I discuss the two movements. The attention given to misconduct In the biological sciences has become excessive and diverts its ethics movement from exploring and teaching about the difficult ethical decisions scientists must make in weighing obligations to self, science, and society. A more balanced and selective approach to developing an ethical framework in the biological sciences is needed.

Overview of Ethics in Psychiatry

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Erwin ◽  
Janeta Tansey
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Ethical Reasoning ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Patient Relationship ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Ethical Decisions ◽  
Practice Of Medicine ◽  
Ethics In Psychiatry ◽  
Difficult Situations

This review of psychiatry ethics is intended for residents, fellows, and practicing psychiatrists. We provide an overview of the historical sources of ethical reasoning and give practitioners a structured method for analysis of ethical dilemmas typically encountered in the practice of medicine. Through the use of case examples, we explain how difficult situations often challenge received knowledge and superficial opinion about the ethical options present and justifiable in real-life situations. This review will appeal to the higher callings and traditions of medicine and encourage the physician who is faced with ethical decisions about which reasonable practitioners may disagree. Tools of ethical reasoning provide a means for making ethical decisions that are grounded in history and tradition. This review contains 1 figure, 6 tables, and 30 references. Key words: confidentiality, decision making, doctor-patient relationship, ethics, informed consent, narrative, principles, professionalism, respect, virtue

scholarly journals Moving forward in the ethical consideration of invertebrates in experimentation: Beyond the Three R’s Principle

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (Suppl.1) ◽  
pp. 346-357
Author(s):  
Augusto-C. Crespi-Abril ◽  
Tamara Rubilar
Keyword(s):  
Research Field ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Scientific Practices ◽  
Ethical Practice ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Ethical Frameworks ◽  
Policy Tool ◽  
Scientific Facts ◽  
Living Being

Introduction: The Three R´s Principle (Refinement, Reduction, and Replacement), postulated more than 60 years ago, is the main ethical framework currently applied for conducting animal research. This principle has never been reviewed applying a philosophical reflection during all of these years, even though a variety of animal ethics studies have presented new insights. The Three R´s Principle was designed to be used as a policy tool to ameliorate the suffering of animals and to reduce the use of animals in research, but has failed in achieving these goals. This principle is only applied when using sentience vertebrates, and fails to consider invertebrates as their capacity to sentience is still disputed. In this way, invertebrates are reified, which has been determined to be detrimental as their suffering has been consistently denied. As a consequence, new insights are necessary to improve scientific practices. Epistemology and ethics have always been viewed as opposing approaches. ´Epistemology-based Ethics’ subordinate ethical concern to scientific facts and ‘Ethics-based Epistemology’ purports that ethical practice should guide epistemological practices. Objective: In this paper, we maintain that unifying both approaches under a broader conceptual framework may result in the view that these are not, actually, opposite approaches. We propose to progress beyond the Three R’s Principle and extend it to a position equal to the level of the ethical and epistemological approaches. We also propose to use the Precautionary Principle as it is always better to be safe than sorry, and to include two more Rs. Methods: This paper is based on the analysis of different ethical frameworks used in biology and ecology that can be implemented in invertebrates experimentation. Results: The analysis revealed that different ethical approaches are frequently used in biological research, but not all of them are implemented in experimental research that involves invertebrates. We argue that the ethical considerations used in any research field can be implemented in invertebrate research. Conclusion: We propose a Five R´s Principle: the traditional Refinement, Reduction, and Replacement, used along with Respect and Responsibility (a respectful relationship with every living being regardless of its complexity and personal commitment to conscientiously apply ethics concepts).

Ethical Dilemmas in Utah’s Division of Services for People with Disabilities

Public Voices ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Kade R. Minchey
Keyword(s):  
Social Workers ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Ethical Consideration ◽  
Ethical Decisions

The article describes daily ethical decisions required of social workers. It presents two cases that called for ethical consideration.

Ethics and accounting education: does teaching stand-alone religious courses affect accounting students’ ethical decisions?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim El-Sayed Ebaid
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Business Ethics ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
T Test ◽  
Accounting Education ◽  
Accounting Students ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Credit Hours ◽  
Ethical Decisions

Purpose Undergraduate accounting program at Umm Al-Qura University in Saudi Arabia is a unique case. The program includes 147 credit hours of which 28 credit hours are religious courses. This study aims to examine the effect of teaching these religious courses on students’ ethical perceptions and decisions. Design/methodology/approach A survey was conducted for a sample of accounting students at Umm Al-Qura University. The sample was divided into two groups; the first group includes students who did not study religious courses, while the second group includes students who study religious courses. The questionnaire contained three groups of questions that aimed to explore students’ perceptions of ethics in general, students’ perceptions of business ethics and explored their ethical attitudes regarding some accounting decisions that involve ethical dilemmas. Independent two-sample t-test and multiple regression analysis were used to determine whether the responses of the two groups were significantly different. Findings The findings of the study revealed that teaching religious courses led to an improvement in students’ perception of business ethics and an improvement in students’ ethical decision-making. However, the results of the independent sample t-test showed that this improvement was not significant. The results of the study also revealed that male students tend to make less ethical decisions than female students. Research limitations/implications The findings offer an indication for those responsible for managing the accounting program at Umm Al-Qura University to start developing the program so that some of the general religious courses are replaced with specialized courses in accounting ethics that focus directly on ethical dilemmas faced by the accountant when practicing the accounting profession. Originality/value This study contributes to the current literature related to examining the effect of teaching ethics courses on the ethical perception of accounting students by focusing on accounting students in Saudi Arabia as a context that has not been examined before.

How individual ethical frameworks shape physician trainees’ experiences providing end-of-life care: a qualitative study

2021 ◽  
pp. medethics-2020-106690
Author(s):  
Sarah Rosenwohl-Mack ◽  
Daniel Dohan ◽  
Thea Matthews ◽  
Jason Neil Batten ◽  
Elizabeth Dzeng
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Shared Decision Making ◽  
End Of Life Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Life Care ◽  
Best Interest ◽  
Ethical Frameworks

ObjectivesThe end of life is an ethically challenging time requiring complex decision-making. This study describes ethical frameworks among physician trainees, explores how these frameworks manifest and relates these frameworks to experiences delivering end-of-life care.DesignWe conducted semistructured in-depth exploratory qualitative interviews with physician trainees about experiences of end-of-life care and moral distress. We analysed the interviews using thematic analysis.SettingAcademic teaching hospitals in the United States and United Kingdom.ParticipantsWe interviewed 30 physician trainees. We purposefully sampled across three domains we expected to be associated with individual ethics (stage of training, gender and national healthcare context) in order to elicit a diversity of ethical and experiential perspectives.ResultsSome trainees subscribed to a best interest ethical framework, characterised by offering recommendations consistent with the patient’s goals and values, presenting only medically appropriate choices and supporting shared decision-making between the patient/family and medical team. Others endorsed an autonomy framework, characterised by presenting all technologically feasible choices, refraining from offering recommendations and prioritising the voice of patient/family as the decision-maker.ConclusionsThis study describes how physician trainees conceptualise their roles as being rooted in an autonomy or best interest framework. Physician trainees have limited clinical experience and decision-making autonomy and may have ethical frameworks that are dynamic and potentially highly influenced by experiences providing end-of-life care. A better understanding of how individual physicians’ ethical frameworks influences the care they give provides opportunities to improve patient communication and advance the role of shared decision-making to ensure goal-aligned end-of-life care.

Ethics and equity in rare disease research and healthcare

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Koromina ◽  
Vasileios Fanaras ◽  
Gareth Baynam ◽  
Christina Mitropoulou ◽  
George P Patrinos
Keyword(s):  
Rare Diseases ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Technology ◽  
Ethical Frameworks ◽  
Rare Genetic Diseases ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Key Aspects

Rapid advances in next-generation sequencing technology, particularly whole exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing, have greatly affected our understanding of genetic variation underlying rare genetic diseases. Herein, we describe ethical principles of guiding consent and sharing of genomics research data. We also discuss ethical dilemmas in rare diseases research and patient recruitment policies and address bioethical and societal aspects influencing the ethical framework for genetic testing. Moreover, we focus on addressing ethical issues surrounding research in low- and middle-income countries. Overall, this perspective aims to address key aspects and issues for building proper ethical frameworks, when conducting research involving genomics data with a particular emphasis on rare diseases and genetics testing.

Student-Authored Ethics Vignettes: Giving Voice to Values All Semester

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-345
Author(s):  
Laurie L. Levesque
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Ethics Education ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Skill Development ◽  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
Ethical Decisions ◽  
Giving Voice To Values ◽  
Ethics Course ◽  
Or Team

Critics of ethics education suggest that students need to learn about contextual pressures of workplace ethical decisions and develop skills to handle them. Thus, instructors are often challenged to integrate an ethics unit into organizational behavior courses in ways that complement, rather than duplicate, what may have been covered in their degree program’s stand-alone ethics course. This article outlines a multistage class exercise that incorporates student-authored cases. As homework, students write about a firsthand work or team ethical decision. The instructor selects several for subsequent class discussions and activities that foster skill development around contextual analysis and anticipatory strategies adapted from the Giving Voice to Values methodology. Students report peers’ ethics vignettes to be interesting and relevant, and a multiperspective exploration and strategizing of these situations prepares them to face future ethical dilemmas in the workplace.

scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS DURING GENOMIC RESEARCHES

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-165
Author(s):  
Екатерина Шипова
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
International Level ◽  
Aim Analysis ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
International Protection ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
Normative Basis

International and regional human rights law offers a normative basis for researches conducted with human participation. Despite the fact that the goal of conducting medical researches, including genomic researches, is to obtain new knowledge, it should never prevail over human rights and freedoms. This principle goes through all international legal acts relating to bio-medical researches and the human genome. Aim: analysis of the existing regulatory and ethical framework for conducting genomic researches at the international level. Methods: empirical methods are used: comparison, analysis and synthesis, generalization, description; special methods: comparative legal, logical, systemic. Results: the study examines the basic regulatory and ethical framework for conducting genomic researches at the international level. The basic principles of the protection of human rights and freedoms during genomic research are formulated, which are enshrined in international regulatory and ethical acts.

scholarly journals Etisk afgørende øjeblikke – en pragmatisk-dualistisk forskningsetik

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Martin Blok Johansen
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Ethical Practice ◽  
Theoretical Construction ◽  
Good Research

This article analyses and discusses research-ethical dilemmas, ambivalences and problematic issues. This is done firstly by making a distinction between procedural research ethics and particularistic research ethics. Such a distinction refl ects a theoretical construction and generalization – in practice there can be a very close correlation between the two types. Hereafter, the distinction will therefore be used as a jumping-off point for the presentation of a pragmatic-dualist research ethics. Th e approach is dualist because it draws on the presence of two independent, contrasting understandings, which are essentially diff erent yet equal aspects of good research ethics; and it is pragmatic because this dualism is first and foremost structural and institutional by nature, and designed with an eye to what can realistically and expediently be done in practice. Thus the intention of the article is to both analyze and discuss two different understandings of research ethics and simultaneouslyqualify a research ethics that draws on both these understandings. At the same time, the intention is to try to visualize a diff erent understanding of research ethics which others can address and elaborate on or qualify but even at this point can be included in an arsenal or catalogue of research-ethical understandings and approaches that can be exploited in research-ethical practice.

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