Dementia

2014 ◽  
pp. 951-962
Author(s):  
Andrew E. Budson ◽  
Aleksandra C. Stark
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
The United States ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
Common Causes

Dementia is a decline of cognitive function that eventually impairs the ability to carry out everyday activities. Dementia affects approximately 4–5 million people in the United States to varying degrees. Only approximately 1 in 100 individuals 〈65 years are thought to be affected by dementia, but this proportion reaches as many as one in three individuals age 〉85 years. There are a number common causes of cognitive impairment that are reviewed in this chapter (see table 91.1).

Fr233 COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN ADULTS WITH CELIAC DISEASE AND/OR ON A GLUTEN-FREE DIET IN THE UNITED STATES

2021 ◽  
Vol 160 (6) ◽  
pp. S-270-S-271
Author(s):  
Eugenia Uche-Anya ◽  
Peter H.R. Green ◽  
Benjamin Lebwohl
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gluten Free Diet ◽  
Gluten Free

The use and impact of metadata in civil cases

First Monday ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Russo ◽  
Abebe Rorissa
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Legal System ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Government ◽  
New Era ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
States Government ◽  
Civil Cases

This article is one of the first to explore and delve into the legal system, with a focus on the burgeoning use of metadata in civil cases. Although metadata is embedded in all kinds of digital files including text, audio, and image files, as well as many social media and game applications, few understand how both the visible and embedded information is being “mined” (collected) for a myriad of uses by organizations, such as, Google or even the United States government. Consequently, in this paper, we explore the implications of metadata use in civil cases and how it could bring a new era of evidence in litigation, which has huge ramifications for how the average citizen may begin to view their privacy in the course of everyday activities.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Associations of Stroke With Cognitive Impairment Among Older Adults in the United States: A Population-Based Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia Wu ◽  
Li Fan ◽  
Songqing Ke ◽  
Yangting He ◽  
Ke Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Multivariable Model ◽  
The Future ◽  
Longitudinal Associations ◽  
Weighted Proportion

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the longitudinal associations of stroke with cognitive impairment in older US adults.Method: The data used in this longitudinal analysis were extracted from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) from 2011 to 2019. Univariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the longitudinal association of stroke with cognitive impairment. The multivariable model was adjusted by demographic, physical, and mental characteristics, and the complex survey design of NHATS was taken into consideration.Results: A total of 7,052 participants with complete data were included. At the baseline, the weighted proportion of cognitive impairment was 19.37% (95% CI, 17.92–20.81%), and the weighted proportion of the history of stroke was 9.81% (95% CI, 8.90–10.72%). In univariate analysis, baseline stroke history was significantly associated with cognitive impairment in the future (hazard ratio, 1.746; 95% CI, 1.461–2.088), and the baseline cognitive impairment was significantly associated with future report of stroke (hazard ratio, 1.436; 95% CI, 1.088–1.896). In multivariable model, stroke was also significantly associated with cognitive impairment (hazard ratio, 1.241; 95% CI, 1.011–1.522); however, the reverse association was not significant (hazard ratio, 1.068; 95% CI, 0.788–1.447). After the data from proxy respondents were excluded, in the sensitive analyses, the results remained unchanged.Conclusion: Older adults in the United States who suffered strokes are more likely to develop cognitive impairment as a result in the future than those who have not had strokes. However, the reverse association did not hold. Furthermore, the study suggests that it is necessary to screen and take early intervention for cognitive impairment in stroke survivors and prevent the incidence of stroke by modifying risk factors in the general population with rapidly growing older US adults.

Analysis of Train Collision Risk in the United States: 2001 to 2015

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tejashree Turla ◽  
Xiang Liu ◽  
Zhipeng Zhang ◽  
Zheyong Bian
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Collision Frequency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Collision Risk ◽  
Human Errors ◽  
Transportation Risk ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Grade Crossing ◽  
Major Factors

Railways have a substantial contribution to the economy of the United States. However, a train accident can result in casualties and extensive damages to infrastructure and the environment. Most of the prior research focused on derailments or grade-crossing accidents rather than the study of train collisions. The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) identifies over 300 causes for all types of accidents, among which we aim to recognize the major factors that cause train collisions. Evaluating how collision frequency and severity vary with the accident cause is the key part of this research, in order to identify, evaluate and mitigate transportation risk. This paper presents a statistical analysis of passenger and freight train collisions in the United States from 2001 to 2015 to statistically analyze train collision frequency, severity, accident cause, and safety risk. The analysis finds that human errors and signal failures are among the most common causes of train collisions in U.S. in the 15-year study period. There is a significant decline in the overall train collision frequency by year. By observing these trends with respect to train collisions, possible accident prevention strategies could be developed and implemented accordingly.

scholarly journals Obesity-induced Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: a Microvascular Perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Balasubramanian ◽  
Tamas Kiss ◽  
Stefano Tarantini ◽  
Ádám Nyúl-Tóth ◽  
Chetan Ahire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier Disruption ◽  
Brain Barrier Disruption ◽  
Microvascular Rarefaction

Over two thirds of individuals aged 65 and older are obese or overweight in the United States. Epidemiological data show an association between the degree of adiposity and cognitive dysfunction in the elderly. In this review, the pathophysiological roles of microvascular mechanisms, including impaired endothelial function and neurovascular coupling responses, microvascular rarefaction and blood-brain barrier disruption in the genesis of cognitive impairment in geriatric obesity are considered. The potential contribution of adipose-derived factors and fundamental cellular and molecular mechanisms of senescence to exacerbated obesity-induced cerebromicrovascular impairment and cognitive decline in aging are discussed.

scholarly journals Depression and the Diagnosis of MCI in a Culturally Diverse Sample in the United States

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merike Lang ◽  
Mónica Rosselli ◽  
Maria T Greig ◽  
Valeria L Torres ◽  
Idaly Vélez-Uribe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Geriatric Depression Scale ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Confrontation Naming ◽  
Clinical Diagnoses

Abstract Objective To analyze (1) whether there are ethnic differences in the severity of depressive symptoms between groups of elders classified as cognitively normal (CN) or amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and (2) the influence of depressive symptoms on specific cognitive performance by ethnicity across diagnoses, controlling for covariates. Methods 164 Hispanics residing in the United States (HAs) and European Americans (EAs) (100 women; Mage = 72.1, SD = 8.0) were diagnosed as either CN or aMCI. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). Cognition was assessed using the Loewenstein-Acevedo Scales for Semantic Interference and Learning (semantic memory), Multilingual Naming Test (confrontation naming), and the Stroop Test (Color–Word condition; executive function). A 2 × 2 univariate ANCOVA as well as linear and logistic regressions explored differences in depressive symptoms among diagnostic and ethnic groups. Results Higher depression was seen in aMCI compared to the CN group for both ethnicities, after controlling for age, education, gender, and Mini-Mental State Examination score. Greater levels of depression also predicted lower scores in confrontation naming and semantic memory for only the EA group and marginally in scores of executive function for HA participants. GDS-15 scores of ≤ 4 also predicted less likelihood of aMCI diagnosis. Conclusions Severity of depressive symptoms was associated with greater cognitive impairment, independent of ethnicity. Significant results suggest detrimental effects of depression on clinical diagnoses most evidently for subjects from the EA group.

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