Disorders of plasma magnesium

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aron Chakera ◽  
William G. Herrington ◽  
Christopher A. O’Callaghan
Keyword(s):  
Normal Cell ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Serum Magnesium ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Hormone Release ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Plasma Magnesium ◽  
Parathyroid Hormone Release

Normal serum magnesium levels are in the range of 0.7–1.0 mmol/l and, as for calcium, most of the total body magnesium is found in bone and soft tissues. Magnesium is essential for normal cell metabolism (as a cofactor for numerous enzymes) and for neuronal function, and regulates parathyroid hormone release. Alterations in serum magnesium levels are usually asymptomatic unless severe. As there are large tissue reserves of magnesium, hypomagnesaemia usually only develops with chronic gastrointestinal or renal losses, or prolonged dietary insufficiency. Hypermagnesaemia is almost always iatrogenic, due to excessive supplementation. This chapter reviews the causes and management of derangements of plasma magnesium.

A Comparative Study of the in vivo Distribution of 32P-Polyphosphates and 32P-Orthophosphate

1972 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 70-78
Author(s):  
Esther Miller ◽  
Leopoldo Anghileri
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Tumor Bearing ◽  
In Vivo Distribution ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Total Body

SummaryThe distribution of 32P-polyphosphates (lineal and cross-linked) and 32Porthophosphate in normal and tumor bearing animals has been studied. Differences between the cross-linked and the lineal form are related to a different degree of susceptibility to the hydrolysis by the phosphatases. In contrast to orthophosphate, the polyphosphates showed a lower accumulation in soft tissues which gives an advantageous reduction of the total body radiation dose.

scholarly journals Magnesium: Biochemistry, Nutrition, Detection, and Social Impact of Diseases Linked to Its Deficiency

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1136
Author(s):  
Diana Fiorentini ◽  
Concettina Cappadone ◽  
Giovanna Farruggia ◽  
Cecilia Prata
Keyword(s):  
Social Impact ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Serum Magnesium ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Magnesium Concentration ◽  
Multiple Perspectives ◽  
Dietary Reference Values ◽  
Magnesium Status ◽  
Total Body

Magnesium plays an important role in many physiological functions. Habitually low intakes of magnesium and in general the deficiency of this micronutrient induce changes in biochemical pathways that can increase the risk of illness and, in particular, chronic degenerative diseases. The assessment of magnesium status is consequently of great importance, however, its evaluation is difficult. The measurement of serum magnesium concentration is the most commonly used and readily available method for assessing magnesium status, even if serum levels have no reliable correlation with total body magnesium levels or concentrations in specific tissues. Therefore, this review offers an overview of recent insights into magnesium from multiple perspectives. Starting from a biochemical point of view, it aims at highlighting the risk due to insufficient uptake (frequently due to the low content of magnesium in the modern western diet), at suggesting strategies to reach the recommended dietary reference values, and at focusing on the importance of detecting physiological or pathological levels of magnesium in various body districts, in order to counteract the social impact of diseases linked to magnesium deficiency.

scholarly journals A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial of Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate for Foscarnet-Induced Ionized Hypocalcemia and Hypomagnesemia in Patients with AIDS and Cytomegalovirus Infection

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 2143-2148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark M. Huycke ◽  
M. Tarek Naguib ◽  
Mathias M. Stroemmel ◽  
Kenneth Blick ◽  
Katherine Monti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crossover Trial ◽  
Serum Magnesium ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Chronically Ill ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Common Side Effect ◽  
Cytomegalovirus Disease ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Double Blind Placebo ◽  
Intravenous Magnesium

ABSTRACT Foscarnet (trisodium phosphonoformate hexahydrate) is an antiviral agent used to treat cytomegalovirus disease in immunocompromised patients. One common side effect is acute ionized hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia following intravenous administration. Foscarnet-induced ionized hypomagnesemia might contribute to ionized hypocalcemia by impairing excretion of preformed parathyroid hormone (PTH) or by producing target organ resistance. Prevention of ionized hypomagnesemia following foscarnet administration could blunt the development of ionized hypocalcemia. To determine whether intravenous magnesium ameliorates the decline in ionized calcium and/or magnesium following foscarnet infusions, MgSO4 at doses of 1, 2, and 3 g was administered in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover trial to 12 patients with AIDS and cytomegalovirus disease. Overall, increasing doses of MgSO4 reduced or eliminated foscarnet-induced acute ionized hypomagnesemia. Supplementation, however, had no discernible effect on foscarnet-induced ionized hypocalcemia despite significant increases in serum PTH levels. No dose-related, clinically significant adverse events were found, suggesting that intravenous supplementation with up to 3 g of MgSO4 was safe in this chronically ill population. Since parenteral MgSO4 did not alter foscarnet-induced ionized hypocalcemia or symptoms associated with foscarnet, routine intravenous supplementation for patients with normal serum magnesium levels is not recommended during treatment with foscarnet.

The polyunsaturated fatty acid status of foetal and neonatal ruminants

1978 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Payne
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Young Animal ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Mature Animal ◽  
Neonatal Lambs ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Total Pufa

1. Information on the fatty acid composition of tissues of foetal calves, neonatal lambs, deer and piglets reported by Payne (1978) has been quantified by the use of an internal standard during analysis, to give concentrations of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) derived from linoleic acid (ω6) and linolenic acid (ω3) expressed on a per kg tissue basis. The total concentration of both acids (ω6+ω3) was similar in all tissues examined except brain. Because muscle, the main constituent of the soft tissues of young animals, contains about 40–50 % of the total body content of these acids, it is considered that muscle concentrations are a reflection of total body status of these acids.2. Concentrations in muscle of both ω6 derivatives and total PUFA were significantly lower in the neonatal lamb and foetal calf than in the mature animal whereas in pigs and deer the concentrations in the young animal were similar to those in the mature animal. Concentrations of ω6 derivatives and total PUFA in lambs were significantly lower than those in calves; the presence of ω3 derivatives reduced the level of significance for total PUFA. Again, total PUFA content did not differ significantly between the piglet and the young ruminants.3. There was a substantial placental transfer, with apparently a preferential transfer of ω3 derivatives.4. In brain the levels of ω3 acids were as high in the foetal and neonatal animals as in mature animals. The levels of ω6 acids were lower in young animals.5. Calculations of ω6 intake from milk showed that the total deficit of ω6 could be made up within a few days.6. It was concluded that the extent of deficiency of ω6 in young ruminants raised in a grazing situation, as in New Zealand, is marginal and any feeding to overcome this is unlikely to be of any benefit.

scholarly journals Effects of Orai3-Mediated Store-Operated Calcium Entry on Parathyroid Hormone Release in Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhangying Lin ◽  
Shuhao Wang ◽  
Yanxun Han ◽  
Junwei Zhu ◽  
Suwen Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Parathyroid Hormone ◽  
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Parathyroid Tissue ◽  
Hormone Release ◽  
Common Complication ◽  
Store Operated Calcium Entry ◽  
Serum Pth ◽  
Parathyroid Hormone Release

Abstract Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease, is characterized by elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion and Hypocalcemia. Orai3 is a highly selective calcium (Ca2+) channel that plays important roles in tumor development, cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune diseases; however, its role in SHPT is unclear. In the present study, RNA sequencing and western blot assays were used to detect the expression levels of Orai3 in parathyroid tissue from patients with SHPT and from individuals without SHPT. Ca2+ imaging was used to detect the effect of Orai3 channels on Ca2+ signaling in parathyroid gland cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect changes in PTH release. Orai3 knockout rats were used to detect the effect of decreased Orai3 expression on serum PTH levels. We found that the expression of Orai3 in parathyroid tissue obtained from patients with SHPT was significantly higher than that in patients without SHPT. Knockdown of Orai3 in parathyroid cells by transfection with Orai3-specific small inhibitor RNA inhibited store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) in parathyroid cells. Inhibition of SOCE or knockdown of Orai3 significantly inhibited PTH release in parathyroid cells. PTH levels in the blood of Orai3 knockout rat were significantly reduced. Therefore, Orai3 expression and Orai3-mediated Ca2+ signaling may be a mechanism underlying PTH release, and Orai3 may play a role in the development of SHPT.

Normalizing effect of Ca2+ ionophore on cytoplasmic Ca2+ and parathyroid hormone release of dispersed parathyroid cells from patients with hyperparathyroidism

1986 ◽  
Vol 45 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 191-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Larsson ◽  
Chris Wallfelt ◽  
Göran Åkerström ◽  
Sverker Ljunghall ◽  
Jonas Rastad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parathyroid Hormone ◽  
Hormone Release ◽  
Parathyroid Hormone Release

scholarly journals Hospital-Acquired Dysmagnesemia and In-Hospital Mortality

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wisit Cheungpasitporn ◽  
Charat Thongprayoon ◽  
Api Chewcharat ◽  
Tananchai Petnak ◽  
Michael A. Mao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Serum Magnesium ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to report the incidence of hospital-acquired dysmagnesemia and its association with in-hospital mortality in adult general hospitalized patients. Materials and Methods: We studied 26,020 adult hospitalized patients from 2009 to 2013 who had normal admission serum magnesium levels and at least two serum magnesium measurements during hospitalization. The normal range of serum magnesium was 1.7–2.3 mg/dL. We categorized in-hospital serum magnesium levels based on the occurrence of hospital-acquired hypomagnesemia and/or hypermagnesemia. We assessed the association between hospital-acquired dysmagnesemia and in-hospital mortality using multivariable logistic regression. Results: 28% of patients developed hospital-acquired dysmagnesemia. Fifteen per cent had hospital-acquired hypomagnesemia only, 10% had hospital-acquired hypermagnesemia only, and 3% had both hospital-acquired hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia. Compared with patients with persistently normal serum magnesium levels in hospital, those with hospital-acquired hypomagnesemia only (OR 1.77; p < 0.001), hospital-acquired hypermagnesemia only (OR 2.31; p < 0.001), and both hospital-acquired hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia (OR 2.14; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with higher in-hospital mortality. Conclusions: Hospital-acquired dysmagnesemia affected approximately one-fourth of hospitalized patients. Hospital-acquired hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia were significantly associated with increased in-hospital mortality.

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