Breast reconstruction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1053-1062
Author(s):  
Nicola R. Dean

In post-mastectomy breast reconstruction, appropriate assessment of the patient’s requirements and evaluation of their suitability for any particular procedure is essential to ensuring a good outcome. The clinic environment, history taking, and examination are covered in this chapter. How to explain different types of procedures to patients and how to present them with evidence around different methods of breast reconstruction is a major focus of this chapter. Risk assessment and important elements of consent form the final part of the chapter.

Sexual Health ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asaduzzaman Khan ◽  
David Plummer ◽  
Rafat Hussain ◽  
Victor Minichiello

Background: Physicians’ inadequate involvement in sexual risk assessment has the potential to miss many asymptomatic cases. The present study was conducted to explore sexual risk assessment by physicians in clinical practice and to identify barriers in eliciting sexual histories from patients. Methods: A stratified random sample of 15% of general practitioners (GP) from New South Wales was surveyed to assess their management of sexually transmissible infections (STI). In total, 409 GP participated in the survey with a response rate of 45.4%. Results: Although nearly 70% of GP regularly elicited a sexual history from commercial sex workers whose presenting complaint was not an STI, this history taking was much lower (<10%) among GP for patients who were young or heterosexual. About 23% never took a sexual history from Indigenous patients and 19% never elicited this history from lesbian patients. Lack of time was the most commonly cited barrier in sexual history taking (55%), followed by a concern that patients might feel uncomfortable if a sexual history was taken (49%). Other constraints were presence of another person (39%) and physician’s embarrassment (15%). About 19% of GP indicated that further training in sexual history taking could improve their practice. Conclusions: The present study identifies inconsistent involvement by GP in taking sexual histories, which can result in missed opportunities for early detection of many STI. Options for overcoming barriers to taking sexual histories by GP are discussed.


2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Gaspar-Escribano ◽  
T. Iturrioz

Abstract. Earthquake risk assessment is probably the most effective tool for reducing adverse earthquake effects and for developing pre- and post-event planning actions. The related risk information (data and results) is of interest for persons with different backgrounds and interests, including scientists, emergency planners, decision makers and other stakeholders. Hence, it is important to ensure that this information is properly transferred to all persons involved in seismic risk, considering the nature of the information and the particular circumstances of the source and of the receiver of the information. Some experience-based recommendations about the parameters and the graphical representations that can be used to portray earthquake risk information to different types of audiences are presented in this work.


Author(s):  
Dubey Shivanikumari Rajesh

The term Pariksha is used for the Examinations done on patient for appropriate diagnosis. The prime duty of any Physician is to diagnose the ailment of the patient. The diagnosis cannot be done just on basis of one type of examination. In Ayurveda different types of examinations have been mentioned which were and still are useful in diagnosing the various diseases in patients. Two basic processes. 1) Interrogation or history taking or anamnesis , 2)Physical examination [1]and at present time pathological and radiological examinations are the basic requirements  by which factual data of the diseases are collected. Ayurveda has mentioned in detail about the various Parikshas which have been categorized in Trividh , Panchvidh, Shadvidh , Ashtavidha Pariksha have been mentioned. Here Trividh Pariksha –Darshan, Sparshan and Prashna and its all aspects will be discussed in perspective of both Ayurveda and Modern medicine. These basic methods which are practiced today, with modern terminologies have one of the important place in Ayurvedic Nidan (diagnosis).


Author(s):  

Introduction After mastectomies, we do our reconstruction, either immediately or delayed. In both ways of reconstruction for post mastectomies defect, the most commonly performed reconstruction is by using breast prosthesis [1]. For many years, surgeons have been trying to find out any solution to reduce the rate of implant exposure and develop some new techniques and modifications. However, once the infection develops or implant expose the only permanent solution is to remove the implant [2-3]. Although there is less evidence found in the literature regarding the salvage of implant once the infection occurs and when implant becomes expose in implant-based reconstruction [4]. Radiation also plays additional role in post-operative complication rates following implant-based breast reconstruction, as it is well documented that the incidence of complications is to be higher in radiated breasts compare to similar non-radiated breasts [5]. With the new advancement in radiation therapy the number of patients have been increasing who are receiving radiation therapy after immediate breast reconstruction [5]. Description of the Technique For more than 15 years we have been reconstructing the breasts deformities after different types of mastectomies, ranging from skin sparing, nipple areola sparing to different types of lumpectomies, by immediate insertion of breast implants. The main problem which we face during post-reconstruction, is the exposure of implant in addition to infection. With the advent of ADM (Artificial Dermal Matrix) [6], serratus anterior muscle [7], rectus fascial flap [7] and inferior dermal flaps [8] although they do an addition to thickness of skin envelop over the implant after mastectomy, but still the rate of implant exposure has not changed noticeably. It has been well understood that of ADM expose in air it dries immediately which later on results in implant exposure. Meanwhile we have developed a novel tech- nique to augment the soft tissue coverage under the incision line over the ADM and implant. By this way, if there is any dehiscence over suture line, there will be no implant exposure as there is additional soft tissue layer of dermal flap. These dermal flaps are actually a de-epithelialized dermal flap from the inferior half of the breast skin, which we used to excise and throw it to the garbage, particularly in skin sparing mastectomies. In this technique we suture the inferior based dermal flap over the artificial dermal matrix in a way that suture lines of skin flaps of mastectomy lie over the de-epithelialized dermal flap, which actually in- crease the survivability of ADM as well as increase the thickness of soft tissue over the implant (figure 1 and 2). By addition of this layer of de-epithelialized dermal flaps over the artificial dermal matrix and breast implants have promising reduction effect over implant exposure as well as it provides the additional vascularized soft tissue layer over the implant. Although we are using dermal flap with ADM frequently in most of our skin spring mastectomies but we did this new technique in 2 patients till now with the mean follow up of 8 weeks till now there is not a single case report of implant exposure in those patients (figure 3).


Author(s):  
Diana Forker

This chapter discusses the expression of information structure in the three indigenous language families of the Caucasus with a focus on constituent order and particles. At the clause level, all three language families show a clear preference for SOV, are generally flexible, and also admit other orders. The major focus position is pre-verbal, but postverbal focus is also attested; adjacency to the verb is a violable constraint. At the phrasal level, there is a sharp difference between Northwest Caucasian, with its prenominal and postnominal modifiers alike, and Kartvelian and Nakh-Daghestanian languages, which employ postnominal modifiers only for emphasis, contrast, or focus. Languages from all three families make wide use of cleft and pseudo-cleft constructions that normally express constituent focus. Another commonality is the frequent use of enclitics and suffixes of different types for information-structuring purposes. Modal markers, interrogative markers, additive affixes, and markers with grammatical meaning are used as focus-sensitive particles and usually placed after the item they scope over or after the head of the phrase.


2020 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. S318-S322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanique Martin ◽  
Elizabeth Turner ◽  
Alan Nguyen ◽  
Brian Thornton ◽  
Rahim S. Nazerali

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-33
Author(s):  
Md Amjad Hossain ◽  
Md Sharfuddin Ahmed ◽  
Md Saleh Uddin

Abnormally low position (drooping) of the upper eye lid is called ptosis. Common practices in correction of ptosis are different types of surgical procedures like, Fasanella-Servat procedure, Levator resection, Frontalis brow suspension (sling), Aponeurosis strengthening etc. In sling operation different types of materials are used, like, autogenus fascialata, cadaver fascilata, skin, sclera, collagen and artificial eg. Prolene, ethibond, silicone, supramid, mersilene mesh, goretex etc. The aim of study is to establish that use of prolene in sling operation gives better result. The study was carried out at BSMMU. A total thirty cases were selected for study. Technique of operation was Frontalis brow suspension (sling) procedure using prolene. The follow-up period was three months to six months. Final outcome of ptosis correction was good outcome in 24 (80%) patients out of 30. So prolene use in sling operation has excellent tensile strength, good handling properties, permanent result and better tolerance.Faridpur Med. Coll. J. Jan 2017;12(1): 31-33


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