Down But Not Out—Circulatory Arrest Pressures

2011 ◽  
pp. 70-76
Author(s):  
James R. Munis
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Circulatory Arrest ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Pressures ◽  
System Volume ◽  
Different Parts

Suppose that your heart has just stopped. What would happen to your blood pressure? At least 2 things would happen that you might not predict (and I hope you won't discover them anytime soon). First, the various blood pressures in the different parts of your circulatory system would converge to the same value. Second, you might be surprised to find that your blood pressure is not zero. That's not just because of vertical (hydrostatic) gradients within the body. Because the blood volume is considerably greater than the passive circulatory system volume, the blood vessels are slightly stretched and maintain a non-zero pressure even after the heart stops. To determine the actual non-zero pressure during cardiac arrest, we only have to divide the stressed blood volume by vascular compliance.

4. Water, salt, and blood pressure

2014 ◽  
pp. 53-62
Author(s):  
Martin Luck
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Urine Production ◽  
Water Salt ◽  
Blood Change ◽  
Hormone System

‘Water, salt, and blood pressure’ describes how the balance of water in the body is controlled by several hormones, including vasopressin (arginine vasopressin (AVP)). AVP reduces urine production by the kidneys and also causes small blood vessels to contract, raising blood pressure. Blood volume and pressure are also adjusted by changing the amount of sodium ions reclaimed by kidney nephrons. The renin–Ang-II–aldosterone hormone system balances blood volume and circulatory space to keep pressure stable when the volume and dilution of the blood change. But what happens if the concentration of salt (sodium and other ions) in the blood starts to rise? Is there a direct way to get rid of excess salt? A hormone secreted by the heart, called ANP, does exactly this.

COMPARISON OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE EFFECT OF MOXONIDINE VERSUS CLONIDINE IN RENAL FAILURE PATIENTS.

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
DR.MATHEW GEORGE ◽  
DR.LINCY JOSEPH ◽  
MRS.DEEPTHI MATHEW ◽  
ALISHA MARIA SHAJI ◽  
BIJI JOSEPH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Renal Failure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Vessel ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Antihypertensive Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ability To Work ◽  
Blood Flows

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against blood vessel walls as the heart pumps out blood, and high blood pressure, also called hypertension, is an increase in the amount of force that blood places on blood vessels as it moves through the body. Factors that can increase this force include higher blood volume due to extra fluid in the blood and blood vessels that are narrow, stiff, or clogged(1). High blood pressure can damage blood vessels in the kidneys, reducing their ability to work properly. When the force of blood flow is high, blood vessels stretch so blood flows more easily. Eventually, this stretching scars and weakens blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidneys.

Changes in Blood Pressure, Heart Rate and Breathing Rate During Moderate Swimming Activity in Rainbow Trout

1967 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. DON STEVENS ◽  
D. J. RANDALL
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
The Body ◽  
Swimming Activity ◽  
Breathing Rate ◽  
Blood Pressures ◽  
Ventral Aorta ◽  
Pressure Changes

1. Changes in blood pressure in the dorsal aorta, ventral aorta and subintestinal vein, as well as changes in heart rate and breathing rate during moderate swimming activity in the rainbow trout are reported. 2. Blood pressures both afferent and efferent to the gills increased during swimming and then returned to normal levels within 30 min. after exercise. 3. Venous blood pressure was characterized by periodic increases during swimming. The pressure changes were not in phase with the body movements. 4. Although total venous return to the heart increased during swimming, a decreased blood flow was recorded in the subintestinal vein. 5. Heart rate and breathing rate increased during swimming and then decreased when swimming ceased. 6. Some possible mechanisms regulating heart and breathing rates are discussed.

Blood distribution during cardiac arrest induced by hypothermia

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 538-540
Author(s):  
Paul W. Willard ◽  
Steven M. Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Red Cell Mass ◽  
Blood Redistribution ◽  
Blood Volumes

Blood volumes with simultaneous blood- and red cell-distribution measurements were determined by the Cr51 technique in four groups of rats. In splenectomized and nonsplenectomized animals, blood volume of the whole body, lung, spleen, liver, kidney, heart, diaphragm, and gastrocnemius muscle was measured in both the control rats (body temperature 37 C) and in rats with hypothermically induced cardiac arrest (body temperature 8–9 C). Splenectomy caused alterations in some visceral blood volumes without concurrent changes in red cell mass. With cardiac arrest increased quantities of blood and red cell mass were observed in the lung, liver, and gastrocnemius in both splenectomized and nonsplenectomized groups. In the nonsplenectomized animals an increase of over 100 % in spleen blood volume was observed. When the two hypothermic groups were compared, differences existed only in blood volume of the lung, heart, and kidney. Hypothermia induced a pattern of blood redistribution toward visceral areas of the body. Submitted on October 14, 1960

scholarly journals Observations on changes in the blood pressure and blood volume following operations in man. (Preliminary communication.)

1919 ◽  
Vol 90 (632) ◽  
pp. 415-437 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Auscultatory Method ◽  
Blood Pressures ◽  
Preliminary Communication ◽  
Haemoglobin Content

The cases here investigated were wounded men undergoing operations, and repeated examinations were usually made. Most of the cases showed only slight symptoms of shock. Methods .—The systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured before, during, and after operations, a Riva Rocci apparatus being used. The auscultatory method recommended by Oliver was used to determine the two levels. The hæmoglobin was estimated also, as far as possible, at the same time. The actual level of the hæmoglobin value was read by Haldane’s method, while the changes in any patient were determined by comparison of the different samples in a Du Borscq colourimeter. For this purpose suspensions of the corpuscles in a dilution of 1 in 200 in saline were used, the volume chosen being 10 c. c., and these samples were hæmolysed with saponin before being read in the colourimeter. For this method I am indebted to Prof. Dreyer, and it has proved more accurate than any other. The blood has been taken always from either the ear or the finger. In estimating the blood volume changes from these readings, it has been assumed that the blood volume varies inversely as the hæmoglobin percentage. During and after operations this will be only relatively true, since hæmorrhage occurs. The amount of blood lost may, however, be roughly estimated by the loss of hæmoglobin in the first 24 hours after operation. In cases of slight shock, equilibrium will probably have been reached in this time. That this is true is indicated by the results obtained and put forward in Case I. In this patient a fair amount of blood was lost during the process of decompression for a fractured skull, and nearly all the blood lost was washed into buckets by a stream of saline running over the wound. The saline in these buckets was collected after the operation and the hæmoglobin content was determined by reading the contents in the Du Borscq colourimeter against a sample of the patient’s own blood, taken before operation. In this way it was calculated that he lost 782 c. c. of blood. By the determination of the change in the hæmoglobin value in 24 hours, it was estimated that he lost 17⋅7 per cent, of his blood volume, and this was reckoned (taking Dreyer’s formula for blood volume) to correspond to a loss of 760 c. c. The agreement was therefore remarkable, and it is probable that the methods are moderately accurate. In all the Tables the calculations of blood volume are made neglecting this factor of hæmorrhage. At the bottom of the Tables the estimated blood lost is given, and in the last column of the Tables corrected values for the blood volume are given in which the hæmorrhage has been approximately allowed for. The results obtained seemed to indicate that the changes in the hæmoglobin percentage of capillary blood do demonstrate the changes seen in the blood volume, provided that the lag due to a slow circulation and partial stasis is allowed for, the hæmoglobin changes following those in the blood pressure.

scholarly journals Blood Type and Blood Pressure Correlations to Body Mass Index in Young Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Bambang Edi Suwito ◽  
Viskasari P Kalanjati ◽  
Abdurachman Abdurachman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Type ◽  
Blood Pressures ◽  
Abo Blood Type ◽  
Level Of Significance

Specific ABO blood type was reported to the higher risk of having overweight and obesity. The laters had also been suggested to correlate to blood pressure. Here we studied blood type and blood pressure amongst seemingly healthy university students of IIKBW, Kediri to understand their correlations to the body mass index (BMI). The blood typing (ABO typing, Eryclone®) and blood pressure (automated digital sphygmomanometer) of 74 male and 76 female were measured in duplicate accordingly. The BMI was analysed from the student’s body weight and height using a digital balance and a microtoise staturemeter, respectively. Data were analysed using SPSS 17 with p<0.05 level of significance. There were 18.7% students have A blood type, 31.3% students were B type, 44% were O and 6.0% with AB blood type. There were 30.7% students with obesity, 18% overweight, 36% normal weight and 15.3% underweight. There were 4.7% had a hypertension, 28.7% pre-hypertension, and 66.7% were normal. No significant correlations found between BMI or the blood pressure to any specific ABO blood type, except between the blood pressure and the AB blood type (r=-0.179, p=0.03). However, there was a significant correlation between BMI and blood pressure (r=0.327, p=0.000). We observed no significant associations between any specific ABO blood type with the BMI and blood pressure. However, high blood pressures amongst students with obesity were found. Males were more common to suffer from obesity and high blood pressure than females.

scholarly journals Comparative characteristics of changes in central hemodynamics during early recovery after different exercise regimes

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
H.V. Lukyantseva ◽  
O.M. Bakunovsky ◽  
S.S. Malyuga ◽  
T.M. Oliinyk ◽  
N.R. Manchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Dynamic Loading ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Dynamic Load ◽  
Static Loading ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Central Hemodynamics ◽  
Early Recovery

The cardiovascular system is one of the most important functional systems of the body, which determine the level of physical performance of the body. Insufficient study of the response of the circulatory system to the combination of strength training with endurance exercises requires more detailed comparative studies of the impact of dynamic and static loads on the indicators of central hemodynamics. Accordingly, the aim of our study was to study the characteristics of the reaction of the cardiovascular system in the period of early recovery after dosed exercise of a dynamic and static nature. The study examined the response of the central hemodynamics of young men in the period of early recovery after dynamic loading (Martine functional test) and static loading (holding on the stand dynamometer DS-200 force with a power of 50% of maximum standing force). The change in circulatory system parameters was recorded using a tetrapolar thoracic impedance rheoplethysmogram on a computerized diagnostic complex “Cardio +”. It is established that the dynamic load in the period of early recovery does not cause a significant positive chronotropic effect, leads to a decrease in vascular resistance of blood flow, to an increase in pulse blood pressure. The increase in cardiac output is mainly due to the increase in stroke volume, which indicates a fairly high functional reserves of the heart. It is revealed that under conditions of static loading the reaction of central hemodynamics and the course of early recovery are radically different from the changes of indicators under dynamic loading. In persons with a normodynamic type of reaction to dynamic load, there are no significant changes in the minute volume of blood at a similar volume of active muscle mass static load. Meeting the metabolic needs of working skeletal muscles and compensating for the oxygen debt is realized by increasing the total peripheral vascular resistance and increasing systolic blood pressure in the postpartum period. The physiological meaning of this phenomenon is to maintain a sufficient level of venous return of blood to ensure the pumping function of the heart.

scholarly journals The development and function of the heart and pericardium in echinodermata

1932 ◽  
Vol 109 (764) ◽  
pp. 471-487 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ground Substance ◽  
Methyl Green ◽  
Ultimate Fate ◽  
And Function

The investigations which form the subject of the paper were begun with the object of verifying the statements made by several authors with regard to the origin and development of the so-called "heart" or pericardial vesicle of Echinoderms. A study of the literature soon led to the conclusion that our knowledge of the development of the organ was somewhat defective and that a thorough revision of its development and ultimate fate would be desirable. This work has occupied my attention for the last two years and the results obtained have been fairly satisfactory. Historical Resumé . The Echinodermata offer a number of most interesting problems to the comparative physiologist. They are in many senses the lowest animals, from the point of view of organisation, which possess a true cœlom or secondary body-cavity. It was always assumed by earlier naturalists that these animals must have a circulatory system and strenuous efforts were made to find a heart and blood-vessels. None of these efforts has been very successful because the so-called vessels were found to be mere rents in the loose connective tissue without proper walls of their own, and further, no connection could be traced between vessels in one part and those in another part. The fact that these vessels owe the honour of being denominated blood-vessels at all is because they contain a ground-substance, which unlike the ground-substance of the rest of the connective tissue, stains with aniline dyes such as eosin and methyl green. If there is to be true circulation some part of the system must be rhythmically contractile and so a heart had to be found. A pillar-like organ, lying alongiside the stone-canal in Echinoidea, Ophiuroidea and Asteroidea, was selected for the rôle. Unfortunately, in Holothuroidea, where the so called vessels are best developed, it is absent and this fact may be correlated with the elongated shape of the animal and the contractility of the body wall. Later, as repeated observation had failed to detect any sign of its beating, the non-committal term of "pseudo-heart" was adopted for it. It is now proposed to call it the “pericardial vesicle.”

THE EFFECTS OF OXYGEN ON THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN CONDITIONS OF ANOXIA AND ASPHYXIA

1945 ◽  
Vol 23e (6) ◽  
pp. 175-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. Stavraky
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Transient Elevation

An analysis is presented of the blood pressure changes during anoxia, asphyxia, and oxygen administration, in 34 animal experiments. Similarly, in 30 human beings during decompression equivalent to altitudes ranging from 16,500 ft. to 29,000 ft., the blood pressure findings are correlated with the action of the heart and the state of the peripheral blood vessels, and the effect of subsequent administration of oxygen upon them is investigated.Sudden deprivation of oxygen leads to a vasoconstrictor response, which, in humans, manifests itself in facial pallor and elevation of the blood pressure. The administration of oxygen in the later stages of this response may produce a further transient elevation of the blood pressure, which is followed by a fall of blood pressure and slowing of the pulse. The rise of blood pressure caused by oxygen after a period of acute anoxia or asphyxia is due to an augmentation of the action of the heart and to an intensification of the vascular tone, the two phenomena contributing to the rise of blood pressure in a varying degree under different experimental conditions. In intact, anaesthetized cats the effect persists after adrenalectomy. In spinal preparations, previously kept on "minimal" respiration, the effect is greatly reduced by the removal of the suprarenal glands. The rise of blood pressure resulting from the administration of oxygen is abolished by the destruction of the spinal cord by pithing, and is therefore attributed to an excitation of the sympathetic centres. Evidence also is presented that suggests that the chemoreceptors participate in this response in intact anaesthetized animals.A protracted oxygen deficiency of a moderate degree leads to a vasodilator reaction. In human subjects it manifests itself in a gradual engorgement of the cutaneous blood vessels, often in a lowering of the blood pressure, and an increase of the pulse rate. Sudden administration of excessive quantities of oxygen under these conditions causes a further decline of blood pressure and a slowing of the pulse. An analysis of the fall of blood pressure caused by the administration of oxygen in conditions of prolonged hypo-oxygenation shows that it is not strictly related to changes in respiration or to acapnia, which occurs during breathing of air deficient in oxygen. Neither is it prevented by addition of carbon dioxide to the oxygen. However, under prevailing experimental conditions, this fall of blood pressure is almost invariably abolished by a bilateral vagotomy, is occasionally reduced by atropine, and is absent in spinal preparations, these observations indicating "that it is dependent on the functioning of the medullary reflex mechanisms.

scholarly journals THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM TO EXPERIMENTAL ALTERATIONS

1925 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 661-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emile Holman ◽  
Claude S. Beck
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Volume Control ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Full Compensation ◽  
The Right

An abnormal communication, experimentally produced between the right and left ventricles, causes a deflection of part of the blood stream into the shorter pulmonary circuit. Proceeding pari passu with the increase in volume flow of blood through this shorter circuit, there occurs a gradual enlargement of the heart limited to that part of the circulatory system through which the deflected blood passes; namely, the left ventricle, the right ventricle, the pulmonary artery, and the left auricle. There is also a demonstrable hypertrophy of the right and left ventricles, which presumably is the result of the increased effort necessary to propel forward an increased volume flow of blood, since it cannot be attributed to an increased peripheral resistance. Immediately after the production of the defect, the right auricle and aorta become smaller than usual, conforming in size to the decreased volume flow of blood through them. As full compensation for the deflected flow occurs by an increase in total blood volume, they return to their normal size. If full compensation has not occurred they remain smaller than normal (Dog X 11). The changes incident to the establishment of an opening in the septum are entirely dependent upon the size of the defect, and hence, upon the extent of the volume of blood deflected into the shorter circuit. Commensurate with the volume of blood deflected, there is a fall in general blood pressure. If the animal survives the immediate fall in blood pressure, certain compensatory adjustments occur which reestablish a more normal blood pressure: (a) an immediate increase in pulse rate; (b) a gradual increase in total blood mass. The increase in blood volume is directly commensurate with the size of the defect. The pulse returns to a normal rate when complete compensation through an increase in blood volume has been attained. It is suggested that the enlargement of the heart seen clinically in so called "idiopathic hypertrophy," "essential hypertension," and also in certain cases of cardiorenal disease, may be due to an increase in total blood mass following some interference with the mechanism for its control. The seat of this impairment in blood volume control may be: (a) in a chemical alteration in the blood; (b) in a diseased function of the kidneys which may be responsible for a decreased elimination, or for a change in the chemical composition of the blood; or (c) in an abnormal stimulation of the organs producing the cellular elements of the blood.

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