4. Water, salt, and blood pressure

2014 ◽  
pp. 53-62
Author(s):  
Martin Luck
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Urine Production ◽  
Water Salt ◽  
Blood Change ◽  
Hormone System

‘Water, salt, and blood pressure’ describes how the balance of water in the body is controlled by several hormones, including vasopressin (arginine vasopressin (AVP)). AVP reduces urine production by the kidneys and also causes small blood vessels to contract, raising blood pressure. Blood volume and pressure are also adjusted by changing the amount of sodium ions reclaimed by kidney nephrons. The renin–Ang-II–aldosterone hormone system balances blood volume and circulatory space to keep pressure stable when the volume and dilution of the blood change. But what happens if the concentration of salt (sodium and other ions) in the blood starts to rise? Is there a direct way to get rid of excess salt? A hormone secreted by the heart, called ANP, does exactly this.

Down But Not Out—Circulatory Arrest Pressures

2011 ◽  
pp. 70-76
Author(s):  
James R. Munis
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Circulatory Arrest ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Pressures ◽  
System Volume ◽  
Different Parts

Suppose that your heart has just stopped. What would happen to your blood pressure? At least 2 things would happen that you might not predict (and I hope you won't discover them anytime soon). First, the various blood pressures in the different parts of your circulatory system would converge to the same value. Second, you might be surprised to find that your blood pressure is not zero. That's not just because of vertical (hydrostatic) gradients within the body. Because the blood volume is considerably greater than the passive circulatory system volume, the blood vessels are slightly stretched and maintain a non-zero pressure even after the heart stops. To determine the actual non-zero pressure during cardiac arrest, we only have to divide the stressed blood volume by vascular compliance.

COMPARISON OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE EFFECT OF MOXONIDINE VERSUS CLONIDINE IN RENAL FAILURE PATIENTS.

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
DR.MATHEW GEORGE ◽  
DR.LINCY JOSEPH ◽  
MRS.DEEPTHI MATHEW ◽  
ALISHA MARIA SHAJI ◽  
BIJI JOSEPH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Renal Failure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Vessel ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Antihypertensive Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ability To Work ◽  
Blood Flows

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against blood vessel walls as the heart pumps out blood, and high blood pressure, also called hypertension, is an increase in the amount of force that blood places on blood vessels as it moves through the body. Factors that can increase this force include higher blood volume due to extra fluid in the blood and blood vessels that are narrow, stiff, or clogged(1). High blood pressure can damage blood vessels in the kidneys, reducing their ability to work properly. When the force of blood flow is high, blood vessels stretch so blood flows more easily. Eventually, this stretching scars and weakens blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidneys.

Circulatory response to prolonged severe exercise

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 833-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bengt Saltin ◽  
Jesper Stenberg
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Work Load ◽  
The Body ◽  
Arterial Blood

Four subjects worked on a treadmill or a bicycle ergometer for 180 min at oxygen uptakes of 75% of the individual's max Vo2; after 90 min rest, the exercise was resumed and a maximal work load was tried. Repeated circulatory studies were made. The body weight decreased 3.1 kg (3.2–5.2%), but the reduction in blood volume was less than 5%. During submaximal exercise the major change in the hemodynamic response was a decrease in stroke volume (from 126 to 107 ml). Oxygen uptake and cardiac output increased slightly. There was a decrease of about 10% in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure during the 180 min of exercise. When the work was performed in a supine position there was the same reduction in the stroke volume as in the sitting work position. At the maximal work oxygen uptake, cardiac output, heart rate, and blood pressure attained almost normal values but there was a marked decrease in both work time and blood lactates. dehydration; blood volume; arterial blood pressure; circulatory reaction Submitted on January 31, 1964

scholarly journals PENGARUH SENAM LANSIA TERHADAP TEKANAN DARAH PADA LANSIA DENGAN HIPERTENSI

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-28
Author(s):  
Cut Rahmiati ◽  
Tjut Irma Zurijah
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
T Test ◽  
The Body ◽  
P Value ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Hypertension is a condition that is often experienced by the elderly. By increasing age resulting in increased blood pressure, the arterial wall in the elderly will experience thickening which results in the accumulation of collagen in the muscle layer. So that the blood vessels will gradually narrow and become stiff . To avoid or reduce the risk of collagen and atherosclerosis accumulation which is one of the causes of hypertension, regular exercise is needed. Elderly gymnastics is a series of regular and directed and planned tones of movement that are followed by the elderly in the form of physical exercises that affect the physical abilities of the elderly which will help the body stay fit and stay fresh. It keeps bones strong and helps eliminate free radicals wandering in the body and can flex blood vessels. This research is a kind of quasi-experimental research with a pre and post test without control design. This research was conducted in Darussalam, Aceh Besar. Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer, a statistical test used by Non-parametric. To see blood pressure before and after elderly exercise using the t-test. After doing elderly gymnastics for six times in 2 weeks, there are differences in the value of blood pressure in the elderly before and after elderly gymnastics with a p-value of 0.000. Thus, it is expected that elderly gymnastics can be used as an alternative nursing action in handling hypertension, especially in the elderly. Abstrak Hipertensi merupakan suatau keadaan yang sering dialami oleh lansia, dengan bertambahnya umur mengakibatkan tekanan darah meningkat, karena dinding arteri pada usia lanjut (lansia) akan mengalami penebalan yang mengakibatkan penumpukan zat kolagen pada lapisan otot, sehingga pembuluh darah akan berangsur-angsur menyempit dan menjadi kaku. Untuk menghindari atau menurunkan resiko penumpukan zat kolagen dan aterosklerosis yang merupakan salah satu penyebab hipertensi, maka diperlukan olahraga yang teratur. Senam lansia merupakan serangkaian gerak nada yang teratur dan terarah serta terencana yang diikuti oleh orang lanjut usia dalam bentuk latihan fisik yang berpengaruh terhadap kemampuan fisik lansia, yang akan membantu tubuh agar tetap bugar dan tetap segar karena melatih tulang tetap kuat dan membantu menghilangkan radikal bebas yang berkeliaran dalam tubuh  serta dapat melenturkan pembuluh darah. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian eksperimen semu (quasi experiment) dengan rancangan pre and post test without control. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kecamatan Darussalam Kabupaten Aceh Besar terhadap lansia yang mengalami hipertensi. Tekanan darah di ukur dengan menggunakan spigmomanometer, uji statistik yang digunakan Non-parametrik. Untuk melihat tekanan darah sebelum dan sesudah senam lansia menggunakan Uji t-test. Setelah dilakukan senam lansia selama enam (6) kali dalam waktu 2 (dua) minggu pada lansia yang mengalami hipertensi, secara umum terdapat perbedaan tekanan darah pada lansia sebelum dan sesudah senam lansia dengan p-value 0,000, dengan demikian diharapkan senam lansia ini dapat dijadikan sebagai salah satu alternatif tindakan keperawatan dalam penanganan hipertensi terutama pada lansia. Kata Kunci : Hipertensi, Lansia, Senam Lansia

scholarly journals BLOOD VOLUME IN WOUNDED SOLDIERS

1919 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oswald H. Robertson ◽  
Arlie V. Bock
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Secondary Hemorrhage ◽  
Total Hemoglobin

Blood volume tests made on a number of soldiers recovering from hemorrhage have shown that in many instances dilution of the blood occurs very slowly. The principal reasons for this seem to be (a) an initial lack of reserve fluid of the tissues, and (b) the absence of any subsequent attempt by the body to make up this fluid deficiency. By putting such patients on a large fluid intake by mouth and rectum it has been found that their blood volume can be promptly and greatly increased. Hemorrhage cases transfused, yet still showing a low blood volume, were first treated in this way. Then the effect of forced fluids without transfusion was tried. Immediately after a hemorrhage, or as soon as the patient came under observation, he was given large quantities of water by mouth, and salt solution by rectum. Under such treatment the blood pressure soon began to show a progressive rise, the volume increased, and the red cells became more evenly redistributed, as shown by the relative hemoglobin percentages of the capillary and venous blood. These changes were often well marked after only 2 or 3 hours of the treatment. More than this, forcing fluids in cases where the amount of bleeding is difficult to estimate on account of the presence of a high hemoglobin percentage is of distinct value, since the dilution of the blood which results serves to show the extent of the hemorrhage through the drop in hemoglobin that it entails. In attempting to determine the condition of the patient after hemorrhage with a view to deciding the most suitable form of treatment, it is of much importance to learn the total blood loss—which is often not even indicated by the hemoglobin concentration of the remaining blood. With a total hemoglobin reduced to 25 per cent or under transfusion is needful. New blood is necessary, not only to supply more oxygen-carrying cells, but also because it actually enables the circulation to increase its volume. For, as has been pointed out in Paper I, the hemoglobin percentage must be above a certain point if a rapid restoration of the blood volume by means of the organism's own activities is to come about. With the total hemoglobin above 25 per cent the chief need is for increased blood volume, and if the patient's condition demands an immediate and large addition of circulating fluid, gum acacia solution should be given. If the condition is not so urgent, forced fluids by the alimentary tract are indicated. The blood volume can be considerably reduced and yet a normal blood pressure maintained. It is pointed out that the vasomotor mechanism which, has adapted itself to the diminished blood bulk may in any individual case be very near the margin of its compensatory power. Increased strain in such instances may cause a failure of this mechanism with a resulting fall in blood pressure. The beneficial results of forced fluids after secondary hemorrhage suggest the value of the early use of fluids by the alimentary tract in cases of primary hemorrhage.

Buckling Behavior of Arteries Under Torsion

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin R. Garcia ◽  
Shawn D. Lamm ◽  
Hai-Chao Han
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Atherosclerotic Plaque ◽  
Vascular Grafts ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Buckling Behavior ◽  
Surgical Implantation

Arterial tortuosity is a phenomenon which is observed throughout the body and is associated with aging, diabetes, high blood pressure, and other vascular diseases [1]. Tortuous arteries significantly hinder blood flow which may lead to the development of atherosclerotic plaque buildup [2]. Blood vessels may also become twisted or demonstrate 3-D tortuous shapes when subject to large twist deformations such as during surgical implantation of vascular grafts, propeller flap procedures, stent-artery interactions, and sudden movements of the neck or limbs [4–6]. However, the twisting behavior of arteries is poorly understood.

scholarly journals Characterization of atherosclerotic plaques in blood vessels with low oxygenated blood and blood pressure (Pulmonary trunk): role of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Bonaterra ◽  
N. Struck ◽  
S. Zuegel ◽  
A. Schwarz ◽  
L. Mey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Pulmonary Trunk ◽  
The Body ◽  
Atherosclerotic Plaques ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Atherosclerotic Lesions ◽  
Differentiation Factor ◽  
Brachiocephalic Trunk

Abstract Background Growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15 is linked to inflammation, cancer, and atherosclerosis. GDF-15 is expressed in most tissues but is extremely induced under pathological conditions. Elevated serum levels are suggested as a risk factor and a marker for cardiovascular diseases. However, the cellular sources and the effects of GDF-15 on the cardiovascular system have not been completely elucidated including progression, and morphology of atherosclerotic plaques. Thus, this work aimed to characterize the influence of GDF-15 deficiency on the morphology of atherosclerotic plaques in blood vessels with low-oxygen blood and low blood pressure as the pulmonary trunk (PT), in hypercholesterolemic ApoE−/− mice. Methods GDF-15−/− ApoE−/− mice were generated by crossbreeding of ApoE−/−- and GDF-15−/− mice. After feeding a cholesterol-enriched diet (CED) for 20 weeks, samples of the brachiocephalic trunk (BT) and PT were dissected and lumen stenosis (LS) was measured. Furthermore, changes in the cellularity of the PT, amounts of apoptosis-, autophagy-, inflammation- and proliferation-relevant proteins were immunohisto-morphometrically analyzed. Additionally, we examined an atherosclerotic plaque in a human post mortem sample of the pulmonary artery. Results After CED the body weight of GDF-15−/−ApoE−/− was 22.9% higher than ApoE−/−. Double knockout mice showed also an 35.3% increase of plasma triglyceride levels, whereas plasma cholesterol was similar in both genotypes. LS in the BT and PT of GDF-15−/−ApoE−/− mice was significantly reduced by 19.0% and by 6.7% compared to ApoE−/−. Comparing LS in PT and BT of the same genotype revealed a significant 38.8% (ApoE−/−) or 26.4% (GDF-15−/−ApoE−/−) lower LS in the PT. Immunohistomorphometry of atherosclerotic lesions in PT of GDF-15−/−ApoE−/− revealed significantly increased levels (39.8% and 7.3%) of CD68 + macrophages (MΦ) and α-actin + smooth muscle cells than in ApoE−/−. The density of TUNEL + , apoptotic cells was significantly (32.9%) higher in plaques of PT of GDF-15−/−ApoE−/− than in ApoE−/−. Analysis of atherosclerotic lesion of a human pulmonary artery showed sm-α-actin, CD68+, TUNEL+, Ki67+, and APG5L/ATG+ cells as observed in PT. COX-2+ and IL-6+ immunoreactivities were predominantly located in endothelial cells and subendothelial space. In BT and PT of GDF15−/−ApoE−/− mice the necrotic area was 10% and 6.5% lower than in ApoE−/−. In BT and PT of GDF15−/−ApoE−/− we found 40% and 57% less unstable plaques than ApoE−/− mice. Conclusions Atherosclerotic lesions occur in both, BT and PT, however, the size is smaller in PT, possibly due to the effect of the low-oxygen blood and/or lower blood pressure. GDF-15 is involved in atherosclerotic processes in BT and PT, although different mechanisms (e.g. apoptosis) in these two vessels seem to exist.

EFFECT OF HYPOTENSION INDUCED BY SODIUM NITROCYANOFERRATE (III) ON THE RELEASE OF ARGININE-VASOPRESSIN IN THE UNANAESTHETIZED MONKEY

1978 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. FUMOUX ◽  
P. CZERNICHOW ◽  
E. ARNAULD ◽  
J. DU PONT ◽  
J. D. VINCENT
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Arterial Blood

*I.N.S.E.R.M., U. 176, Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, Université de Bordeaux II, F. 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France and †I.N.S.E.R.M., U. 30, Hôpital des Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sèvres, F. 75015 Paris, France (Received 17 March 1978) Haemorrhage is a potent stimulus for the liberation of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) in the unanaesthetized monkey (Arnauld, Czernichow, Fumoux & Vincent, 1977), but in contrast to results obtained with other species, the fall in arterial blood pressure seems to be a more important factor than the reduction in blood volume. However, hypotension induced by haemorrhage varies considerably from one experiment to another, irrespective of the amount of blood withdrawn. In order to control changes in arterial blood pressure more accurately and to study their effect on the release of AVP in the conscious monkey, it was decided to use infusions of sodium nitrocyanoferrate (III), a drug which is known to induce a sustained fall in arterial

scholarly journals KONSELING KENALI GEJALA DAN JAUHI PERILAKU BERISIKO PENYAKIT HIPERTENSI DI MASYARAKAT RT 05 RW 12 KELURAHAN TANGKERANG SELATAN KOTA PEKANBARU TAHUN 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-67
Author(s):  
Yuyun Priwahyuni ◽  
Cristine Vita Gloria ◽  
Agus Alamsyah ◽  
Ikhtiyaruddin Ikhtiyaruddin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Risky Behavior ◽  
Secondary Hypertension ◽  
The Body ◽  
Local Health ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Local Health Center

Blood pressure is the pressure contained in the blood vessels that occurs when the heart pumps blood throughout the body. If the blood pressure is less than 120/80 mmHg it is under normal conditions. Hypertension occurs when the systolic / diastolic blood pressure exceeds 140/90 mmHg. The causes of hypertension are divided into two groups, namely: a) Essential Primary Hypertension is hypertension which has several possible causes; b) Secondary hypertension is hypertension caused by disturbances in blood vessels or certain organs, such as the kidneys, adrenal glands, and aorta. The purpose of PKM is to increase public knowledge and understanding of how to recognize symptoms and behaviors at risk of hypertension. The PKM method is in the form of counseling and health education on identifying symptoms and behaviors at risk of hypertension, targeting community PKM in RT 05 RW 12, Tangkerang Selatan District, Pekanbaru City. Activities will be held on Thursday, September 10 to September 19, 2020. The results of the PKM activities showed that of the 20 people who participated in the activity, 70% of the people knew and could mention about hypertension, especially the community was able to recognize the symptoms of hypertension and risky behavior that could cause hypertension. Health education and counseling activities on identifying symptoms and behaviors at risk of hypertension are very effective in the community. To related parties such as RT 05 RW 12 Tangkerang Selatan District to be able to coordinate with the local health center so that they can schedule activities like this on a regular basis, in order to provide knowledge to the public about recognizing symptoms and risky behavior from hypertension so that this disease can controlled. Keywords: Hypertension, RT 05 RW 12 Tangkerang Selatan    Abstrak Tekanan darah adalah suatu tekanan yang terdapat didalam pembuluh darah yang terjadi saat jantung memompakan darah keseluruh tubuh. Jika tekanan darah kurang dari 120/80 mmHg maka dalam kondisi normal. Hipertensi terjadi jika tekanan darah sistolik/diastoliknya melebihi 140/90 mmHg. Penyebab hipertensi dibagi menjadi dua golongan yaitu ;a) Hipertensi Primer Eesensial merupakan hipertensi yang memiliki beberapa kemungkinan penyebabnya; b) Hipertensi sekunder merupakan hipertensi yang disebabkan karena gangguan pembuluh darah atau organ tubuh tertentu, seperti ginjal, kelenjar adrenalin, dan aorta. Tujuan PKM adalah untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan pemahaman masyarakat bagaimana mengenali gejala dan perilaku beresiko penyakit hipertensi. Metode PKM berupa konseling dan pendidikan kesehatan tentang kenali gejala dan perilaku beresiko penyakit hipertensi, sasaran PKM masyarakat di RT 05 RW 12 Kelurahan Tangkerang Selatan Kota Pekanbaru. Kegiatan dilaksanakan pada hari Kamis 10 September sampai dengan  tanggal 19 September 2020. Hasil kegiatan PKM didapat bahwa dari 20 masyarakat yang mengikuti kegiatan tersebut, 70% masyarakat mengetahui dan dapat menyebutkan mengenai tentang penyakit hipertensi terutama masyarakat sudah dapat mengenali gejala penyakit hipertensi dan perilaku yang beresiko yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit hipertensi. Kegiatan konseling dan pendidikan kesehatan tentang kenali gejala dan perilaku beresiko penyakit hipertensi sangat efektif dilaksanakan pada masyarakat. Kepada pihak-pihak yang terkait seperti perangkat RT 05 RW 12 Kelurahan Tangkerang Selatan untuk dapat berkoordinasi dengan pihak puskesmas setempat agar dapat mengagendakan kegiatan seperti ini secara rutin, agar dapat memberikan pengetahuan kepada masyarakat tentang kenali gejala dan perilaku beresiko dari penyakit hipertensi sehingga penyakit ini dapat dikendalikan.   Kata Kunci : Penyakit Hipertensi, RT 05  RW 12 Tangkerang Selatan

scholarly journals FLUID UPTAKE AND THE MAINTENANCE OF BLOOD VOLUME IN OCTOPUS

1993 ◽  
Vol 175 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-218
Author(s):  
M. J. Wells ◽  
J. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Digestive Gland ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Pulse Amplitude ◽  
Volume Of Fluid ◽  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Fluid Uptake ◽  
Urine Production

The replacement of fluid following withdrawal of up to 40 % of the blood from Octopus vulgaris can be tracked over a period of days by measuring the dilution of haemocyanin, which is not simultaneously replaced. Haemocyanin concentration was measured from the copper content or the oxygen-carrying capacity of further small blood samples. Fluid lost was replaced within 1–2 h, provided that the digestive gland ducts were left intact. If these were ligated, the haemocyanin concentration remained the same as before withdrawal of the initial large blood sample and the animals died within a few hours. Evidence presented elsewhere has indicated that the site of the fluid uptake is the digestive gland appendages. Urine production would be continued or increased during the restoration of blood volume. When urine volume is added to the volume of fluid replaced, it appears that this fluid transport system must be capable of moving at least its own volume of fluid from the gut into the blood every 5 min. An immediate consequence of blood withdrawal is a fall in blood pressure and pulse amplitude, followed within minutes by a transient rise to high blood pressures, apparently as a result of an increase in peripheral resistance as circulation to the arms is restricted, conserving the blood for vital central organs. Following these transient swings, the diastolic blood pressure returns to normal values despite blood loss; pulse amplitude returns as blood volume is replaced. Duct-ligated animals continue to show a reduced pulse.

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