The Pharmaceutical Industry

2018 ◽  
pp. 395-398
Author(s):  
S. Nassir Ghaemi
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Economic Aspects

A textbook on psychopharmacology that seeks to be comprehensive should not avoid addressing important economic aspects of this field. Central to the field of psychopharmacology is the existence and role of the pharmaceutical industry. In recent decades, there has been extensive public debate about the role of the pharmaceutical industry in psychiatric and other medical practice. It would seem worthwhile to acknowledge this debate, and to examine some of the claims and counterclaims made, as well as to suggest some potential avenues for contributing to this debate in a constructive manner. The pharmaceutical industry is central to the development of new drugs, and it has been essential for many new discoveries. However, it also can retard progress by focusing on “me-too” drugs, and on marketing agents for uses that are questionable scientifically and sometimes ethically. The beneficial and harmful impacts of the pharmaceutical industry should be appreciated by practitioners, not just one side or the other.

scholarly journals Müste’min Dealing with the Ottoman Justice: Role and Strategy of the Ambassador

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 477-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliette Dumas
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Legal System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Knowledge ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Legal Advice ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
Special Rights ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

Abstract Because of their status as foreigners, non-subject of the Empire, müsteʾmin are subject to a system of laws different from the other subjects of the Empire. They also benefit from advantages secured by the granting of imperial orders: the ʿahidnâme also known as the capitulations: these are prescriptions issued by the sultan, directly influenced by political and economic aspects and which may vary from one nation to another. However, it is not a code of law different from others in force in the Empire: except in specific cases prescribed by the capitulations, the müsteʾmin are submitted as other Ottoman subjects to the Ottoman legal system. Nevertheless, the Ottoman legal system is complex: the actors and the practices vary and depend on the individuals involved and cases. Therefore, the question is who are the interlocutors of the müsteʾmin? The documents examined here show that the type of conflicts impacted on the interlocutors that were involved. Each time the case involves, in one way or another, the privileges of the müsteʾmin from a given nation, the imperial divan had to solve the case—then, it usually refers to the local court. But if private, the case was directly submitted to the kadı. The call for submission of cases to the Imperial divan is interesting because it shows that confidence is put in the Imperial divan rather than in the kadı. Perhaps, it also reveals the limits of the legal knowledge of the privileges and the special rights granted to müsteʾmin. In fact, the population concerned by the Capitulations was minor and the affairs affecting them probably rare, as a result, one should not be surprised by the lack of knowledge of the local actors, of their privileges. The role of the embassy and of the ambassador must also be emphasized here. In our documents, it appears that the embassy as a whole played a significant role in supporting its citizens through legal advice, assistance and support. The French embassy even seems to have distinguished itself on this item since the legal support offered was presented by the ambassador.

scholarly journals Pharmacotherapy and child psychiatry: is there a way forward?

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. James
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Child Psychiatry ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Drug Treatments ◽  
New Guidelines ◽  
Post Trial ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Recent controversy over the use of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in children and adolescents has focused attention on the role of the pharmaceutical industry in the treatment of young people. Failure of pharmaceutical companies to fully disclose negative outcome trials has led to new guidelines for publication of all trial results. Scrutiny is on the conduct of trials and the relationship of the pharmaceutical industry with prescribing doctors and post-trial surveillance of new drugs. It is argued that drug treatments in child psychiatry are a powerful therapeutic tool but vigilance is needed to ensure that data on the efficacy and safety of drugs are freely available.

scholarly journals Funding of clinical trials in Brazil for the development of new drugs: who are the sponsors?

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Eccard da Silva ◽  
Angélica Amorim Amato ◽  
Maria Rita Carvalho Garbi Novaes
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Neglected Diseases ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Other Hand

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> A low rate of investment in science it is directly impacts the technological independence and capacity in health care costs. Knowledge of funding sources is critical to understand the problem and formulates hypotheses for future studies.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Two databases were used: the System for Control of Clinical Research (SCCR) from the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa), and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP).  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> From 2009 to 2012, 77% of the clinical trials approved by Anvisa were sponsored by transnational pharmaceutical industry. On the other hand, the national pharmaceutical industry sponsored 8% of the trials over the same period. The most frequent sponsor of clinical trials involving drugs registered in the ICTRP from 2011 to 2012 was the transnational pharmaceutical industry (43%). Among the trials with national sponsors, are those involving neglected diseases such as chronic hepatitis C (ICD X B18.2), cutaneous leishmaniasis (ICD X B55.1) and yellow fever (ICD X A95), which were all sponsored by national governmental foundations. None of the active pharmaceutical ingredients studied by the transnational pharmaceutical industry or the transnational biopharmaceutical company were in the national list of essential medicines. On the other hand, 83% and 66.6% of the active pharmaceutical ingredients studied by national private universities and the international governmental agency, respectively, are in the national list of essential medicines.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The national pharmaceutical industry and government still invests little in Research and Development (R&amp;D) activities, when compared with transnational industries. This affects directly its technological and innovation ability.</p>

Crowdsourcing in Innovation Activity of Enterprises on an Example of Pharmaceutical Industry

2019 ◽  
pp. 58-70
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Pohulak-Żołędowska
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
Open Innovation ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Knowledge Flow ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Information Goods ◽  
Innovation Model

The chapter considers issues connected with innovation creation in open innovation model. The knowledge flow in open innovation has been presented. The main “product” of knowledge economy—innovations (as a concept)—are symbolic goods, founded in symbols – not in atoms. This notion causes some consequences typical for information goods, like ease of replication or exchange, zero-marginal replication costs, and cheap storage. On the other hand, there are growing innovation production costs, and uncertainty and risk of innovation activity that discourage companies from being innovative. The idea of open innovation is being used in pharmaceutical industry more and more often in order to cut innovation costs and shorten the new drugs pipelines. One of the most “open” dimensions of innovation activity in pharmaceutical industry is crowdsourcing: a specific sourcing model, an internet-enabled business model that harnesses the creative ability of agents external to organization.

scholarly journals The search for new drugs: a theory of R&D in the pharmaceutical industry

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 690-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massoud Khazabi ◽  
Nguyen Van Quyen
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Dynamic Model ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Time Dynamic ◽  
Pharmaceutical Firms ◽  
Drug Discovery Program ◽  
Conventional Models ◽  
Patent Design

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to use a dynamic model of optimal patent design and, in the presence of information externalities, to study the evolution of technological progress in the context of a pharmaceutical industry. Design/methodology/approach A theoretical analysis approach is adopted to drive the paper’s findings. Findings Pharmaceutical firms with an active drug discovery program behave strategically in their R&D and in the product markets. It is shown that a firm holding an earlier-expiring patent only chooses to proceed with R&D activates when the patent it holds expires if the expected discounted payoff net of R&D costs yielded by this action is positive. The expected discounted payoff net of R&D costs obtained by this firm is then decreasing in R&D costs, increasing in the cumulative quality discovered in the past R&D activates, and decreasing in the number of past R&D activities, etc. Originality/value The preceding literature on the topic works with only one brand, the brand with the highest quality. As well, the demand is assumed to be completely inelastic. In the conventional models of patent design, the role of competitive fringe firms is discussed implicitly. The model presented in this research is a rigorous continuous in-time dynamic model. It considers several differentiated products. Furthermore, the demand for a brand is taken to be a function of income, its price, and the prices of other brands. The interaction of the fringe firm with other patent-holding firms is also explicitly considered under this framework.

scholarly journals Common Ownership in the U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry: A Network Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-99
Author(s):  
Albert Banal-Estañol ◽  
Melissa Newham ◽  
Jo Seldeslachts
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Generic Drugs ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Common Ownership ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Over Time

We investigate patterns in common ownership networks between firms that are active in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry for the period 2004–2014. Our main findings are that “brand firms”—that is, firms that have research and development capabilities and launch new drugs—exhibit relatively dense common ownership networks with each other that further increase significantly in density over time, whereas the network of “generic firms”—that is, firms that primarily specialize in developing and launching generic drugs—is much sparser and stays that way over the span of our sample. Finally, when considering the common ownership links between brands firms, on the one hand, and generic firms, on the other, we find that brand firms have become more connected to generic firms over time. We discuss the potential antitrust implications of these findings.

scholarly journals Engaged Anthropology and the Need for Empathy: Anthropological Interventions in the Face of the So-called Refugee Crisis

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-97
Author(s):  
Natalia Bloch
Keyword(s):  
Public Debate ◽  
Applied Anthropology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Face ◽  
Engaged Anthropology

This paper is an attempt to consider how engaged anthropology could be practiced in connection with the refugee/migrant crisis. The author presents in detail three anthropological interventions conducted in Poznań, a city in western Poland: (1) the project “We’re All Migrants: (Re)gained Migration Memory”; (2) the campaign “Adopt a Lifejacket”; and (3) the campaign “Gallery without a Home.” At the same time, she criticises the sedentary perspective predominant in the public debate regarding refugees and migrants, and the reduction of the refugee/migrant figure to the category of an Other. She perceives a need to depart from the role of expert and to stimulate empathy by making people aware of the adventitious nature of their lot in life and by emphasizing closeness to the other person rather than constantly focusing on differences. She points to the divergence between engaged and applied anthropology, and the related challenges facing anthropologists in Polish institutions who want to get involved in building social sensibility and interpersonal solidarity. She also calls for the propagation of hope.

The Role of Melatonin in the Management of Patients with Tinnitus

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 1156-1159
Author(s):  
Dragos Cristian Stefanescu ◽  
Razvan Hainarosie ◽  
Viorel Zainea ◽  
Radu Cristian Jecan
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Secondary Treatment ◽  
Melatonin Treatment ◽  
Multicenter Studies ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Sound Therapy

The therapeutic approach in tinnitus is still an open subject. Perhaps, the correct approach would be the management of a patient with a chronic suffering that occurred at the active ageand who, in the absence of an adequate intervention, may be incapacitated. Sound therapy, counseling and cognitive behavioral psychotherapy are the widely accepted by specialized physicians in tinnitus. Patients are still looking for medical treatment and the physician is required to integrate new drugs into his or her therapeutic arsenal. Melatonin is a relatively recently introduced substance in Romania and its primary therapeutic use is in sleep disorders. The present paper describes our experience with melatonin as treatment for selected patients with tinnitus. The melatonin treatment has shown an efficacy of 80% in our study, as secondary treatment in tinnitus after initially counseling. The obtained results can also be a prerequisite for the integrative approach of the patients with tinnitus in the context of the pathological conditions and not as an isolated clinical picture. Considering the etiopathogenetic mechanisms of tinnitus and the other therapeutic effects of melatonin (central nervous system modulator and antioxidant), more extensive and multicenter studies are needed.

Current Regulation of Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products in the European Union

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heide Muckenfuss ◽  
Klaus Cichutek ◽  
Egbert Flory
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
The Other ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Current Regulation ◽  
Safety Aspects ◽  
Advanced Therapy ◽  
Timely Access

AbstractThe rapid biotechnological progress has promoted the development of novel medicinal therapies which are currently changing medical practice substantially. Patients may benefit from new opportunities for the treatment of various diseases, but on the other hand new risks have to be faced. To ensure timely access of patients to innovative medicines while taking safety aspects into consideration, an appropriate legislation is needed. This review aims at giving an overview of the role of the so called “Advanced Therapy Products” in today's medical practice and describes their current regulation in the European Union (EU).

The Economic Role of the Imperial Household in the Ch'ing Dynasty

1972 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Te-Ch'ang
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Closed Field ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
The One

This author will attempt to present a preliminary study of the economic aspects of the Imperial Household (Nei-wu-fu), which played a unique role during the Chʻing Dynasty in the grand strategy of the Manchu rule over China. The fact that this vital area of Chʻing history has long been neglected can be gauged from the lack of scholarly studies on the Nei-wu-fu up to the present. Even in the imperial days, few Chinese scholars knew about the actual workings of the Nei-wu-fu, for it remained a closed field to outsiders—almost a shrouded mystery. The reasons for its mysterious character were twofold: on the one hand, inaccessibility of sources of information prevented people from getting a clear picture of the Imperial Household; on the other hand, Chinese were inhibited from investigation, since to peer into the “secret affairs of the Court” (Kung-wei chin-shih) was to run a political risk.

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