Maturity Profiles of Organizations for Social Media

The aim of the study is to analyze case studies of selected organizations in terms of their achievements in the use of social media. The profiling method applied in the study facilitated evaluating the model of the selected organization. It is an efficient technique for exploring data. Graphic objects show the individual characteristics of selected organizations. Graphical visualization makes it easy to gauge the trajectory, the direction of your company's social media strategy, and helps to make a decision to change it. Further analysis of the structure of these models may facilitate the discovery of relevant relationships between the analyzed variables.

Knowledge Management System for Governance

Knowledge is power, and when managed efficiently, it generates optimum outcomes. Knowledge management is an established phenomenon, applied across various disciplines for transformational growth. In the year 2015, the Government of India launched Digital India Programme with the vision to “transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy.” The program aims to benefit every section and sector of the country by creating an ecosystem for delivery of user centric and qualitative digital services. It weaves together a large number of ideas and thoughts into a single, comprehensive vision so that each of them is seen as part of a larger goal. To foster such knowledge economy, Capacity Building Scheme Phase II has been approved under Digital India Programme with one of the key components being knowledge management (KM) in the area of e-governance. This chapter highlights the multi-dimensional aspects of deploying KM for e-governance in a federal government system, along with its key objectives, core features moving on to framework and implementation structure.

What Motivates the Crowd?

The main objective of the chapter is to provide an insight into the motivation mechanisms for the crowd to participate in crowdsourcing projects. For this to happen, the authors investigate the factors which have been suggested in the literature as influencing the motivation of the crowd and the task type in each study in the related literature and contrasted the motivation factors in various contexts. The systematic literature review method has been used for the purpose of this study. This involved a comprehensive search in five scientific databases which resulted in 575 papers. This initial pool of studies has been refined in various rounds and ended in identification of 37 studies which directly targeted the topic of motivation in crowdsourcing. The study introduces various categories of motivations and investigates the factors which have been utilized in each context. Finally, possible implications for practice and potential research gaps are discussed.

Crowdsourcing in Innovation Activity of Enterprises on an Example of Pharmaceutical Industry

The chapter considers issues connected with innovation creation in open innovation model. The knowledge flow in open innovation has been presented. The main “product” of knowledge economy—innovations (as a concept)—are symbolic goods, founded in symbols – not in atoms. This notion causes some consequences typical for information goods, like ease of replication or exchange, zero-marginal replication costs, and cheap storage. On the other hand, there are growing innovation production costs, and uncertainty and risk of innovation activity that discourage companies from being innovative. The idea of open innovation is being used in pharmaceutical industry more and more often in order to cut innovation costs and shorten the new drugs pipelines. One of the most “open” dimensions of innovation activity in pharmaceutical industry is crowdsourcing: a specific sourcing model, an internet-enabled business model that harnesses the creative ability of agents external to organization.

Knowledge Sharing and Innovative Work Behavior

The growing importance of knowledge sharing is promoting individual innovative work behavior (IWB) to create new products or services for innovative business systems. Also, the key challenges faced by individuals in their knowledge sharing behavior (KSB) are personal perceptions and environmental influences. Thus, this chapter provides a research model using an extension of social cognitive theory that comprises environmental factors (subjective norms, trust), personal factors (knowledge self-efficacy, enjoyment in helping others, organizational rewards, reciprocal benefits, and psychological ownership of knowledge), KSB, and IWB. The authors advance to implement mixed-methods approaches to evaluate the proposed model. The authors believe that this research will contribute to deeper understanding of the effects of personal and environmental factors and KSB on IBW within organizations. The model is also expected to be tested in any organizations in which future researchers or practitioners wish to test this model.

Piloting Crowdsourcing Platform for Monitoring and Evaluation of Projects

Crowdsourcing can be viewed as a positive catalyst for effective results in many sectors of the economy including business, governance, agriculture, and health to name a few because it provides unlimited opportunities to people to share information among societies around the world. Despite some considerable efforts to adopt this concept in Tanzania, less has been done on its implementation in monitoring and evaluation of projects. This chapter proposes the development of a crowdsourcing platform as an essential step towards combating corruption, misuse, and embezzlement of funds. The developed crowdsourcing platform for monitoring and evaluation provides an up-to-date status of projects based on key indicators set and from such information, any member in particular organization can monitor and evaluate the progress of a given project. Results of this study show that the platform promotes transparency, collaboration, accountability, and has potential to motivate different actors or stakeholders in monitoring projects funded by government and donors.

Crowd Computing

The power of crowd always has brought wonders. The same applies to the computing as well. The accumulated idle CPU cycles of millions of personally owned devices are capable of producing huge computing capacity. We have termed it as crowd computing. Though this very concept has been nurtured in the past through grid computing, in the age of powerful smartphones and tablets, it deserves to have a fresh look. In this chapter, the authors aim to present crowd computing in a modern approach. Readers will be able to gain a fair comprehension of the various aspects of crowd computing and have an insight of the ecosystem of this computing paradigm. The characteristics, benefits, issues, implementational challenges, applications, and examples of crowd computing are portrayed elaborately. To clear the air, crowd computing has been distinguishably compared to other analogous computing systems such as P2P computing, cloud computing, supercomputing, and crowdsourcing. The business values of crowd computing as well as the scope of offering crowd computing as a service have also been explored.

Knowledge Management in the Non-Governmental Organizations Context

NGOs are recognized as knowledge-intensive organizations in nature. This is because of the employees' and volunteers' professionalism and knowledgeable experiences and the area in which NGOs work. However, like other organizations, NGOs have fewer financial and personal resources but huge and greater demand for their services. Consequently, leading NGOs started to reengineer their core processes and organizational paradigms to minimize the cost and time spent on internal functions in order to apply the greater part of their energies externally. To meet these targets, NGOs develop and formalize systems and mechanisms for converting and retaining their tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge over time successfully. This strategic and systematic process and mechanism for data capture, storage, classification, and retrieval is knowledge management. Hence, this chapter will attempt to fill the absence of KM study in NGOs. It will help to understand KM from the perspective of NGOs.

Data Analytics Supporting Knowledge Acquisition

This chapter aims to make the case that analytics methods must respond to the significant changes that big data challenges are bringing to operationalizing the production of information and knowledge. More specifically it discusses the analytics dimension of big data challenges and its contribution for value creation. It shows that data analytics tools and methods offer strong support in knowledge acquisition and discovery. This suggests that the effectiveness of an analytics method must be measured based on how it promotes and enhances knowledge, how it improves patterns and understanding of the decision makers, and thereby how it improves their decision making and hence organization performance. This chapter explores the synergies between big data analytics and knowledge discovery by identifying challenges and opportunities in data analytics applications for knowledge acquisition.

Crowdsourcing as an Example of Public Management Fashion

Crowdsourcing is a relatively new concept, which was defined for the first time only in 2006. The growing interest in crowdsourcing has been observed since 2010. As of that moment, the number of publications on crowdsourcing has been systematically increasing. The researchers' attention is frequently focused on the benefits possible to be obtained by the organization owing to crowdsourcing. Not without importance is the issue of cooperation with the crowd. Despite the growth tendency, it may still be ascertained that the multitude and diversity of approaches to crowdsourcing does not increase the chances for clarification and transparency. In their majority these papers are of a theoretical nature and rather dispersed and fragmentary. As a whole they do not make reference to the achievements of the predecessors. The subject of this chapter is searching for an answer to the question whether crowdsourcing displays the features of a public management fashion.