scholarly journals Differential rotation in convective envelopes: constraints from eclipsing binaries

2019 ◽  
Vol 491 (1) ◽  
pp. 690-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam S Jermyn ◽  
Jamie Tayar ◽  
Jim Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Differential Rotation ◽  
Orbital Period ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Eclipsing Binaries ◽  
Rotation Periods ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Orbital Periods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Surface Convection

ABSTRACT Over time, tides synchronize the rotation periods of stars in a binary system to the orbital period. However, if the star exhibits differential rotation, then only a portion of it can rotate at the orbital period, so the rotation period at the surface may not match the orbital period. The difference between the rotation and orbital periods can therefore be used to infer the extent of the differential rotation. We use a simple parametrization of differential rotation in stars with convective envelopes in circular orbits to predict the difference between the surface rotation period and the orbital period. Comparing this parametrization to observed eclipsing binary systems, we find that in the surface convection zones of stars in short-period binaries there is very little radial differential rotation, with |r∂rln Ω| < 0.02. This holds even for longer orbital periods, though it is harder to say which systems are synchronized at long periods, and larger differential rotation is degenerate with asynchronous rotation.

scholarly journals Tidal effects on stellar activity

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (S328) ◽  
pp. 308-314
Author(s):  
K. Poppenhaeger
Keyword(s):  
Orbital Period ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Semimajor Axis ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Magnetic Activity ◽  
Stellar Rotation ◽  
Stellar Activity ◽  
Tidal Interaction ◽  
Hot Jupiters ◽  
Orbital Periods

AbstractThe architecture of many exoplanetary systems is different from the solar system, with exoplanets being in close orbits around their host stars and having orbital periods of only a few days. We can expect interactions between the star and the exoplanet for such systems that are similar to the tidal interactions observed in close stellar binary systems. For the exoplanet, tidal interaction can lead to circularization of its orbit and the synchronization of its rotational and orbital period. For the host star, it has long been speculated if significant angular momentum transfer can take place between the planetary orbit and the stellar rotation. In the case of the Earth-Moon system, such tidal interaction has led to an increasing distance between Earth and Moon. For stars with Hot Jupiters, where the orbital period of the exoplanet is typically shorter than the stellar rotation period, one expects a decreasing semimajor axis for the planet and enhanced stellar rotation, leading to increased stellar activity. Also excess turbulence in the stellar convective zone due to rising and subsiding tidal bulges may change the magnetic activity we observe for the host star. I will review recent observational results on stellar activity and tidal interaction in the presence of close-in exoplanets, and discuss the effects of enhanced stellar activity on the exoplanets in such systems.

scholarly journals Doubly eclipsing systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 630 ◽  
pp. A128 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Zasche ◽  
D. Vokrouhlický ◽  
M. Wolf ◽  
H. Kučáková ◽  
J. Kára ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Motion ◽  
Orbital Period ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Eclipsing Binaries ◽  
Quadruple System ◽  
Interacting Systems ◽  
Time Variations ◽  
Orbital Periods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Detached Binaries

Context. Only several doubly eclipsing quadruple stellar systems are known to date, and no dedicated effort to characterize population properties of these interesting objects has yet been made. Aims. Our first goal was to increase number of known doubly eclipsing systems such that the resulting dataset would allow us to study this category of objects via statistical means. In order to minimize biases, we used long-lasting, homogeneous, and well-documented photometric surveys. Second, a common problem of basically all known doubly eclipsing systems is the lack of proof that they constitute gravitationally bound quadruple system in the 2+2 architecture (as opposed to two unrelated binaries that are projected onto the same location in the sky by chance). When possible, we thus sought evidence for the relative motion of the two binaries. In that case, we tried to determine the relevant orbital periods and other parameters. Methods. We analysed photometric data for eclipsing binaries provided by the OGLE survey and we focused on the LMC fields. We found a large number of new doubly eclipsing systems (our discoveries are three times more numerous than the previously known cases in this dataset). In order to prove relative motion of the binaries about a common centre of mass, we made use of the fact that OGLE photometry covers several years. With a typical orbital period of days for the observed binaries, we sought eclipse time variations (ETVs) on the timescale comparable to a decade (this is the same method used for an archetype of the doubly eclipsing system, namely V994 Her). In the cases where we were able to detect the ETV period, the difference between the inner and outer periods in the quadruple system is large enough. This allows us to interpret ETVs primarily as the light-time effect, thus providing an interesting constraint on masses of the binaries. Results. In addition to significantly enlarging the database of known doubly eclipsing systems, we performed a thorough analysis of 72 cases. ETVs for 28 of them (39% of the studied cases) showed evidence of relative motion. Among these individual systems, we note OGLE BLG-ECL-145467, by far the most interesting case; it is bright (12.6 mag in I filter), consists of two detached binaries with periods of ≃3.3 d and ≃4.9 d (making it a candidate for a 3:2 resonant system) revolving about each other in only ≃1538 d. Distribution of the orbital period ratio PA/PB of binaries in 2+2 quadruples shows statistically significant excess at ≃1 and ≃1.5. The former is likely a natural statistical preference in weakly interacting systems with periods within the same range. The latter is thought to be evidence of a capture in the 3:2 mean motion resonance of the two binaries. This sets important constraints on evolutionary channels in these systems. Conclusions. The total number of doubly eclipsing systems increased to 146, more than 90% of which are at low declinations on the southern sky. This motivates us to use southern hemisphere facilities to further characterize these systems, and to seek possibilities to complement this dataset with northern sky systems.

scholarly journals Case AD, AR, and AS binary evolution and their possible connections with W UMa binaries

2019 ◽  
Vol 492 (2) ◽  
pp. 2731-2738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dengkai Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Parameter Spaces ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Contact Binaries ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
Orbital Periods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Binary Evolution ◽  
Detached Binaries ◽  
Period Limit ◽  
The Moment

ABSTRACT Close detached binaries were theoretically predicted to evolve into contact by three subtypes of case A binary evolution, cases AD, AR, and AS, which correspond to the formation of contact during dynamic-, thermal-, and nuclear-time-scale mass transfer phases, respectively. It is unclear, however, what is the difference between contact binaries in these subtypes, and whether all of these subtypes can account for the formation of observed W Ursae Majoris (W UMa) binaries. Using Eggleton’s stellar evolution code with the non-conservative assumption, I obtained the low-mass contact binaries produced by cases AD, AR, and AS at the moment of contact and their parameter spaces. The results support that the progenitors of low-mass contact binaries are detached binaries with orbital periods shorter than $\sim 2\!-\!5\,$ d, and their borderlines depend strongly on the primary mass. In addition, the period–colour relations for cases AR and AS can be in better agreement with that for observed W UMa candidates, but case AD shows a significantly worse agreement. Moreover, cases AR and AS can produce a short-period limit (corresponding to a low-mass limit) at almost any age, e.g. from young age ($\sim 0.2\,$ Gyr) to old age ($\sim 13\,$ Gyr), agreeing with observed W UMa binaries in star clusters, but no such limit occurs for case AD at any age. These results support that cases AR and AS, as opposed to case AD, can lead to W UMa binaries (including young W UMa binaries).

scholarly journals Eclipse timing variation of GK Vir: evidence of a possible Jupiter-like planet in a circumbinary orbit

2020 ◽  
Vol 497 (3) ◽  
pp. 4022-4029
Author(s):  
L A Almeida ◽  
E S Pereira ◽  
G M Borges ◽  
A Damineli ◽  
T A Michtchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Orbital Period ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Orbital Stability ◽  
Theoretical Description ◽  
Apsidal Motion ◽  
Variation Analysis ◽  
Third Body ◽  
Common Envelope ◽  
Cyclic Behaviour ◽  
Orbital Periods

ABSTRACT Eclipse timing variation analysis has become a powerful method to discover planets around binary systems. We applied this technique to investigate the eclipse times of GK Vir. This system is a post-common envelope binary with an orbital period of 8.26 h. Here, we present 10 new eclipse times obtained between 2013 and 2020. We calculated the O−C diagram using a linear ephemeris and verified a clear orbital period variation (OPV) with a cyclic behaviour. We investigated if this variation could be explained by the Applegate mechanism, the apsidal motion, or the light travel time (LTT) effect. We found that the Applegate mechanism would hardly explain the OPV with its current theoretical description. We obtained using different approaches that the apsidal motion is a less likely explanation than the LTT effect. We showed that the LTT effect with one circumbinary body is the most likely cause for the OPV, which was reinforced by the orbital stability of the third body. The LTT best solution provided an orbital period of ∼24 yr for the outer body. Under the assumption of coplanarity between the external body and the inner binary, we obtained a Jupiter-like planet around the GK Vir. In this scenario, the planet has one of the longest orbital periods, with a full observational baseline, discovered so far. However, as the observational baseline of GK Vir is smaller than twice the period found in the O−C diagram, the LTT solution must be taken as preliminary.

scholarly journals A survey for high-mass eclipsing binaries

2019 ◽  
Vol 490 (4) ◽  
pp. 5147-5173
Author(s):  
F Pozo Nuñez ◽  
R Chini ◽  
A Barr Domínguez ◽  
Ch Fein ◽  
M Hackstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eclipsing Binaries ◽  
Light Curves ◽  
High Mass ◽  
System Component ◽  
Fundamental Parameters ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Orbital Periods ◽  
Photometric Monitoring ◽  
Period System

ABSTRACT We report results from a search for Galactic high-mass eclipsing binaries. The photometric monitoring campaign was performed in Sloan r and i with the robotic twin refractor RoBoTT at the Universitätssternwarte Bochum in Chile and complemented by Johnson UBV data. Comparison with the SIMBAD data base reveals 260 variable high-mass stars. Based on well-sampled light curves, we discovered 35 new eclipsing high-mass systems and confirm the properties of six previously known systems. For all objects, we provide the first light curves and determine orbital periods through the Lafler–Kinman algorithm. Apart from GSC 08173-0018 and Pismis 24-13 ($P = 19.47\, d$ and $20.14\, d$) and the exceptional short-period system TYC 6561-1765-1 ($P = 0.71\, d$), all systems have orbital periods between 1 and 9 d. We model the light curves of 26 systems within the framework of the Roche geometry and calculate fundamental parameters for each system component. The Roche lobe analysis indicates that 14 systems have a detached geometry, while 12 systems have a semidetached geometry; seven of them are near-contact systems. The deduced mass ratios q = M2/M1 reach from 0.4 to 1.0 with an average value of 0.8. The similarity of masses suggests that these high-mass binaries were created during the star formation process rather than by tidal capture.

scholarly journals Starspot Activity on Short-period RS CVn Stars

1991 ◽  
Vol 130 ◽  
pp. 370-372
Author(s):  
Michael Zeilik
Keyword(s):  
Binary Stars ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Magnetic Activity ◽  
Close Binary ◽  
Tidal Interactions ◽  
Rs Cvn Stars ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Basic Physics ◽  
Synchronous Rotation ◽  
Orbital Periods

We have yet to understand the magnetic activity cycles of cool close binary systems of sunlike stars. Mutual tidal interactions, as well as magnetic ones, may result from a regime of dynamo models not yet tested, because these have been developed for single stars. To arrive at the basic physics, though, requires that we first examine the phenomenology of magnetic activity for binary systems. In particular, we would like to discover if such activity has a clearly-defined cycle, such as the sun exibits.Among the proxy indicators of magnetic activity are the Ca II H and K lines. Strassmeier et al. (1988) used the strength of these lines as the primary criterion for the inclusion of systems in The Catalog of Chromospherically Binary Stars. Of the RS CVn stars in the catalog, 12 have orbital periods of one day or shorter; 9 are eclipsing systems. As part of a decade-long program, we have focussed our observations and models on eight of the short-period group (Hall, 1976): XY UMa, UV Psc, SV Cam, RT And, CG Cyg, ER Vul, BH Vir, and WY Cnc. These close systems are tidally-locked in synchronous rotation and tidally-distorted into Roche lobe configurations.

scholarly journals Origin of the orbital period change in contact binary stars

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (06) ◽  
pp. 1950044 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Sargsyan ◽  
H. Lenske ◽  
G. G. Adamian ◽  
N. V. Antonenko
Keyword(s):  
Orbital Period ◽  
Binary Stars ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Binary Star ◽  
Period Change ◽  
Mass Asymmetry ◽  
Contact Binary Stars ◽  
Contact Binary ◽  
Energy Formula ◽  
Orbital Periods

The evolution of contact binary star systems in mass asymmetry (transfer) coordinate is considered. The orbital period changes are explained by an evolution in mass asymmetry towards the symmetry (symmetrization of binary system). It is predicted that decreasing and increasing orbital periods are related, respectively, with the nonoverlapping and overlapping stage of the binary star during its symmetrization. A huge amount of energy [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]J is converted from the potential energy into internal energy of the stars during the symmetrization. As shown, the merger of stars in the binary systems, including KIC 9832227, is energetically an unfavorable process. The sensitivity of the calculated results to the values of total mass and orbital angular momentum is analyzed.

scholarly journals Ekonomická doba obmýtní / Economic rotation period

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-230
Author(s):  
Karel Pulkrab ◽  
Miroslav Sloup ◽  
Roman Sloup
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
National Agency ◽  
Rotation Periods ◽  
Forestry Management ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The article presents selected results of the project of the Czech National Agency for Agricultural Research, “Differentiation of intensities and management practices in relation to forest biodiversity and economic sustainability of forestry” executed at the Department of Forest Economy and Forestry Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Agriculture in Prague. The results included the quantification of forest rotation periods derived from total mean increment, total mean value increment, and annual gross profit of forest production. Significant differences between the rotation period currently recommended and the rotation period relevant to economic optimum (maximum) were observed. The better the forest site (site quality class), the bigger is the difference

scholarly journals Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of Short Period RS CVn Systems

1993 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 392-394
Author(s):  
C. Lázaro ◽  
M.J. Arévalo
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Type ◽  
Main Sequence ◽  
Eclipsing Binaries ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Binary Model ◽  
Short Period ◽  
First Results ◽  
Orbital Phase ◽  
Phase Resolution ◽  
Orbital Periods

AbstractWe have initiated a programme of spectroscopic observations of RS CVn short-period group, with orbital phase resolution. The systems of this group are all eclipsing binaries with both components at the Main Sequence, and most of them have similar spectral type components. The high rotational velocities and their short orbital periods (less than 1 day) hinder the spectroscopic study of these stars. We presents the first results yielded by Hα line observations of the systems XY UMa and WY Cnc. Both systems were observed during 1991 with reasonably wide orbital phase coverage. The analysis of the spectra is made by comparison with a binary model, constructed from the observed spectra of normal stars of the same spectral type as the RS CVn system components. The model accounts for the partial contribution of each component at any orbital phase within eclipses.

scholarly journals Modelling Early-type Stars in Eclipsing Binaries of Open Clusters: A New Method for Age Determination from the Ratio of Radii

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yıldız
Keyword(s):  
Binary Systems ◽  
Main Sequence ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
Primary Component ◽  
Open Clusters ◽  
Eclipsing Binaries ◽  
Primary Star ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Sources Of Knowledge ◽  
The Difference

AbstractBinary systems, in particular eclipsing binaries, are essential sources of knowledge of the fundamental properties of stars. The ages of binaries, members of open clusters, are constrained by their own fundamental properties and by those of the hosting cluster. The ages of eleven open clusters are here found by constructing models for the components of twelve eclipsing binaries. The difference between the ages we find and the ages of the clusters derived from isochrone fitting is up to 40%. For the binary system V497 Cep in NGC 7160, the difference is about 100%. Binary systems whose primary component is about to complete its main-sequence lifetime, such as V453 Cyg and V906 Sco, are the most suitable systems for age determination. Using model results for these stars, we derive an expression for sensitive and uncomplicated relative age determination of binary systems (age divided by the main-sequence lifetime of the primary star). The expression is given as a logarithm of radii ratio divided by a logarithm of mass ratio. Two advantages of this expression are that: (i) it is nearly independent of the assumed chemical composition of the models because of the appearance of the ratio of radii; and (ii) the ratios of radii and masses are observationally much more precise than their absolute values. We also derive another expression using luminosities rather than radii and compare results.

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