scholarly journals Analysis of Polycerate Mutants Reveals the Evolutionary Co-option of HOXD1 for Horn Patterning in Bovidae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélie Allais-Bonnet ◽  
Aurélie Hintermann ◽  
Marie-Christine Deloche ◽  
Raphaël Cornette ◽  
Philippe Bardou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Morphogenetic Field ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Rare Populations ◽  
And Function

Abstract In the course of evolution, pecorans (i.e., higher ruminants) developed a remarkable diversity of osseous cranial appendages, collectively referred to as “headgear,” which likely share the same origin and genetic basis. However, the nature and function of the genetic determinants underlying their number and position remain elusive. Jacob and other rare populations of sheep and goats are characterized by polyceraty, the presence of more than two horns. Here, we characterize distinct POLYCERATE alleles in each species, both associated with defective HOXD1 function. We show that haploinsufficiency at this locus results in the splitting of horn bud primordia, likely following the abnormal extension of an initial morphogenetic field. These results highlight the key role played by this gene in headgear patterning and illustrate the evolutionary co-option of a gene involved in the early development of bilateria to properly fix the position and number of these distinctive organs of Bovidae.

scholarly journals Analysis of Polycerate Mutants Reveals the Evolutionary Co-option of HOXD1 to Determine the Number and Topology of Horns in Bovidae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélie Allais-Bonnet ◽  
Aurélie Hintermann ◽  
Marie-Christine Deloche ◽  
Raphaël Cornette ◽  
Philippe Bardou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Morphogenetic Field ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
And Topology ◽  
Rare Populations ◽  
And Function

Abstract In the course of evolution, pecorans (i.e. higher ruminants) developed a remarkable diversity of osseous cranial appendages, collectively referred to as ‘headgear’, which likely share the same origin and genetic basis. However, the nature and function of the genetic determinants underlying their number and position remain elusive. Jacob and other rare populations of sheep and goats, are characterized by polyceraty, the presence of more than two horns. Here, we characterize distinct POLYCERATE alleles in each species, both associated with defective HOXD1 function. We show that haploinsufficiency at this locus results in the splitting of horn bud primordia, likely following the abnormal extension of an initial morphogenetic field. These results highlight the key role played by this gene in headgear patterning and illustrate the evolutionary co-option of a gene involved in the early development of bilateria to properly fix the position and number of these distinctive organs of Bovidae.

Characterization and function of Xnf7 during early development ofXenopus

1997 ◽  
Vol 173 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence D. Etkin ◽  
Heithem M. El-Hodiri ◽  
Hisashi Nakamura ◽  
Chuan Fen Wu ◽  
Weinian Shou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Cardiomyopathy Classification: Ongoing Debate in the Genomics Era

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles McCartan ◽  
Robert Mason ◽  
S. R. Jayasinghe ◽  
Lyn R. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Systemic Diseases ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Traditional Classification ◽  
And Function

Cardiomyopathies represent a group of diseases of the myocardium of the heart and include diseases both primarily of the cardiac muscle and systemic diseases leading to adverse effects on the heart muscle size, shape, and function. Traditionally cardiomyopathies were defined according to phenotypical appearance. Now, as our understanding of the pathophysiology of the different entities classified under each of the different phenotypes improves and our knowledge of the molecular and genetic basis for these entities progresses, the traditional classifications seem oversimplistic and do not reflect current understanding of this myriad of diseases and disease processes. Although our knowledge of the exact basis of many of the disease processes of cardiomyopathies is still in its infancy, it is important to have a classification system that has the ability to incorporate the coming tide of molecular and genetic information. This paper discusses how the traditional classification of cardiomyopathies based on morphology has evolved due to rapid advances in our understanding of the genetic and molecular basis for many of these clinical entities.

scholarly journals Metagenomics: aid to combat antimicrobial resistance in diarrhea

Gut Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rituparna De
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Genetic Recombination ◽  
Molecular Taxonomy ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
And Function ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Abstract Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as an obstacle in the supple administration of antimicrobial agents to critical diarrheal patients. Most diarrheal pathogens have developed resistance against the major classes of antibiotics commonly used for assuaging diarrheal symptoms. Antimicrobial resistance develops when pathogens acquire antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) through genetic recombination from commensals and pathogens. These are the constituents of the complex microbiota in all ecological niches. The recombination events may occur in the environment or in the gut. Containment of AMR can be achieved through a complete understanding of the complex and diverse structure and function of the microbiota. Its taxonomic entities serve as focal points for the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genetic determinants. Molecular methods complemented with culture-based diagnostics have been historically implemented to document these natural events. However, the advent of next-generation sequencing has revolutionized the field of molecular epidemiology. It has revolutionized the method of addressing relevant problems like diagnosis and surveillance of infectious diseases and the issue of antimicrobial resistance. Metagenomics is one such next-generation technique that has proved to be a monumental advancement in the area of molecular taxonomy. Current understanding of structure, function and dysbiosis of microbiota associated with antimicrobial resistance was realized due to its conception. This review describes the major milestones achieved due to the advent and implementation of this new technique in the context of antimicrobial resistance. These achievements span a wide panorama from the discovery of novel microorganisms to invention of translational value.

Early development and function of the Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenyu Liu ◽  
Ali S Hamodi ◽  
Kara G Pratt
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Xenopus Tadpole ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Genetic Basis of Variation in Cocaine and Methamphetamine Consumption in Outbred Populations of Drosophila melanogaster

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon M. Baker ◽  
Mary Anna Carbone ◽  
Wen Huang ◽  
Robert R. H. Anholt ◽  
Trudy F. C. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
System Development ◽  
Gene Interaction ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Drug Consumption ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
And Function

AbstractWe used Drosophila melanogaster to map the genetic basis of naturally occurring variation in voluntary consumption of cocaine and methamphetamine. We derived an outbred advanced intercross population (AIP) from 37 sequenced inbred wild-derived lines of the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP), which are maximally genetically divergent, have minimal residual heterozygosity, are not segregating for common inversions, and are not infected with Wolbachia pipientis. We assessed consumption of sucrose, methamphetamine-supplemented sucrose and cocaine-supplemented sucrose, and found considerable phenotypic variation for consumption of both drugs, in both sexes. We performed whole genome sequencing and extreme QTL mapping on the top 10% of consumers for each replicate, sex and condition, and an equal number of randomly selected flies. We evaluated changes in allele frequencies among high consumers and control flies and identified 3,033 variants significantly (P < 1.9 × 10-8) associated with increased consumption, located in or near 1,962 genes. Many of these genes are associated with nervous system development and function, and 77 belong to a known gene-gene interaction subnetwork. We assessed the effects of RNA interference (RNAi) on drug consumption for 22 candidate genes; 17 had a significant effect in at least one sex. We constructed allele-specific AIPs which were homozygous for alternative candidate alleles for 10 SNPs and measured average consumption for each population; nine SNPs had significant effects in at least one sex. The genetic basis of voluntary drug consumption in Drosophila is polygenic and implicates genes with human orthologs and associated variants with sex- and drug-specific effects.Significance StatementThe use of cocaine and methamphetamine presents significant socioeconomic problems. However, identifying the genetic underpinnings that determine susceptibility to substance use is challenging in human populations. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, presents a powerful genetic model since we can control the genetic background and environment, 75% of disease-causing genes in humans have a fly counterpart, and flies - like humans - exhibit adverse effects upon cocaine and methamphetamine exposure. We showed that the genetic architecture underlying variation in voluntary cocaine and methamphetamine consumption differs between sexes and is dominated by variants in genes associated with connectivity and function of the nervous system. Results obtained from the Drosophila gene discovery model can guide studies on substance abuse susceptibility in human populations.

scholarly journals Genetic basis of variation in cocaine and methamphetamine consumption in outbred populations of Drosophila melanogaster

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (23) ◽  
pp. e2104131118
Author(s):  
Brandon M. Baker ◽  
Mary Anna Carbone ◽  
Wen Huang ◽  
Robert R. H. Anholt ◽  
Trudy F. C. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
System Development ◽  
Gene Interaction ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Drug Consumption ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Trait Locus ◽  
And Function

We used Drosophila melanogaster to map the genetic basis of naturally occurring variation in voluntary consumption of cocaine and methamphetamine. We derived an outbred advanced intercross population (AIP) from 37 sequenced inbred wild-derived lines of the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP), which are maximally genetically divergent, have minimal residual heterozygosity, are not segregating for common inversions, and are not infected with Wolbachia pipientis. We assessed consumption of sucrose, methamphetamine-supplemented sucrose, and cocaine-supplemented sucrose and found considerable phenotypic variation for consumption of both drugs, in both sexes. We performed whole-genome sequencing and extreme quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping on the top 10% of consumers for each replicate, sex, and condition and an equal number of randomly selected flies. We evaluated changes in allele frequencies among high consumers and control flies and identified 3,033 variants significantly (P < 1.9 × 10−8) associated with increased consumption, located in or near 1,962 genes. Many of these genes are associated with nervous system development and function, and 77 belong to a known gene–gene interaction subnetwork. We assessed the effects of RNA interference (RNAi) on drug consumption for 22 candidate genes; 17 had a significant effect in at least one sex. We constructed allele-specific AIPs that were homozygous for alternative candidate alleles for 10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and measured average consumption for each population; 9 SNPs had significant effects in at least one sex. The genetic basis of voluntary drug consumption in Drosophila is polygenic and implicates genes with human orthologs and associated variants with sex- and drug-specific effects.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptomics of Tropical Woody Plants Supports Fast and Furious Strategy along the Leaf Economics Spectrum in Lianas.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uğur Uzay Sezen ◽  
Samantha J. Worthy ◽  
Maria N. Umaña ◽  
Stuart J. Davies ◽  
Sean M McMahon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Shade Avoidance ◽  
Cycle Progression ◽  
Leaf Economics Spectrum ◽  
Tropical Plant ◽  
Tropical Woody Plants ◽  
And Function ◽  
Leaf Economics

Lianas, climbing woody plants, influence the structure and function of tropical forests. Climbing traits have evolved multiple times, including ancestral groups such as gymnosperms and pteridophytes, but the genetic basis of the liana strategy is largely unknown. Here, we use a comparative transcriptomic approach for 47 tropical plant species, including ten lianas of diverse taxonomic origins, to identify genes that are consistently expressed or downregulated only in lianas. Our comparative analysis of full-length transcripts enabled the identification of a core interactomic network common to lianas. Sets of transcripts identified from our analysis reveal features related to functional traits pertinent to leaf economics spectrum in lianas, include upregulation of genes controlling epidermal cuticular properties, cell wall remodeling, carbon concentrating mechanism, cell cycle progression, DNA repair and a large suit of downregulated transcription factors and enzymes involved in ABA-mediated stress response as well as lignin and suberin synthesis. All together, these genes are known to be significant in shaping plant morphologies through responses such as gravitropism, phyllotaxy and shade avoidance.

scholarly journals The wax gourd genomes offer insights into the genetic diversity and ancestral cucurbit karyotype

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dasen Xie ◽  
Yuanchao Xu ◽  
Jinpeng Wang ◽  
Wenrui Liu ◽  
Qian Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Mapping ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Ancestral Genome ◽  
Ancestral Karyotype ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Benincasa Hispida ◽  
And Function ◽  
Wax Gourd

AbstractThe botanical family Cucurbitaceae includes a variety of fruit crops with global or local economic importance. How their genomes evolve and the genetic basis of diversity remain largely unexplored. In this study, we sequence the genome of the wax gourd (Benincasa hispida), which bears giant fruit up to 80 cm in length and weighing over 20 kg. Comparative analyses of six cucurbit genomes reveal that the wax gourd genome represents the most ancestral karyotype, with the predicted ancestral genome having 15 proto-chromosomes. We also resequence 146 lines of diverse germplasm and build a variation map consisting of 16 million variations. Combining population genetics and linkage mapping, we identify a number of regions/genes potentially selected during domestication and improvement, some of which likely contribute to the large fruit size in wax gourds. Our analyses of these data help to understand genome evolution and function in cucurbits.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document