Two Kinds of High-Level Probability

The Monist ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meir Hemmo ◽  
Orly Shenker
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Mechanics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Multiple Realization ◽  
Mechanical Theory ◽  
Nonreductive Physicalism ◽  
Classical Statistical Mechanics ◽  
Special Sciences ◽  
The World ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
High Level

Abstract According to influential views the probabilities in classical statistical mechanics and other special sciences are objective chances, although the underlying mechanical theory is deterministic, since the deterministic low level is inadmissible or unavailable from the high level. Here two intuitions pull in opposite directions: One intuition is that if the world is deterministic, probability can only express subjective ignorance. The other intuition is that probability of high-level phenomena, especially thermodynamic ones, is dictated by the state of affairs in the world. We argue in support of this second intuition and we show that in fact there are two different ways in which high-level probability describes matters of fact, even if the underlying microscopic reality is deterministic. Our analysis is novel, but supports approaches by, e.g., Loewer, Albert, Frigg and Hoefer, List and Pivato. In particular, the reductive view we propose here can be seen as a naturalization of the above approaches. We consider consequences of our result for nonreductive physicalist approaches, such as functionalism, that admit multiple realization of the kinds that appear in the special sciences by physical kinds. We show that nonreductive physicalism implies the existence of nonphysical matters of fact.

Empirical Research on Constitutional Drafting Processes Following War or Internal Disturbances in Iraq, Tunisia, Kosovo and Sudan

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 314-339
Author(s):  
Habiba Abubaker
Keyword(s):  
Public Participation ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Building Process ◽  
The World ◽  
Complex Procedure ◽  
State Of Affairs

Constitutional drafting is a complex procedure. Every year, nonetheless, the world witnesses the birth of several constitutions. The drafting of constitutions, however, differs greatly from one to the other; this depends mainly on the state of affairs in each State and the causes behind the need for a new constitution. In post-conflict States, the success of the constitutional drafting process depends on various factors including, inter alia, the inclusiveness of the process; transparency; equal representation in the bodies involved in the drafting; public participation; as well as the role the international community plays. All of these factors have great implications on the success, or failure, of not only the constitutional drafting process, but also on the whole peace-building process in post-conflict societies. In other words, a successful constitutional drafting process must be nationally-led and owned while targeting the root causes of the conflict. While it may be aided by international components, the process must reflect the geo-ideological differences within a State, whether cultural, tribal, ethnic or religious. This article gives an empirical account of the constitutional drafting processes adopted as a consequence of internal conflict in Iraq, Tunisia, Kosovo, and Sudan. The paper discusses the general drafting process; the bodies involved; procedural shortcomings; and any international influence.

A precise worldwide correlation of early Ordovician graptolite sequences

1990 ◽  
Vol 127 (6) ◽  
pp. 497-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Cooper ◽  
K. Lindholm
Keyword(s):  
Strong Correlation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Early Ordovician ◽  
Standard Sequence ◽  
The World ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Stratigraphic Ranges ◽  
High Level

AbstractFourteen early Ordovician (Tremadoc-Llandeilo) graptolite sequences from around the world are precisely (infrazonally) correlated, based on the stratigraphic ranges of 130 species and species groups. The composite standard sequence (CSS) of graptolites has been determined from the six best regional sequences by a nonparametric graphic correlation. Two data sets were selected: one comprised first appearance events of 103 taxa, the other, first and last appearance events of 45 taxa. The results of the two runs accord well and reveal respectively 66 and 73 successive bioevents in early Ordovician time. Event spacing averages 0.7–0.8 Ma and enables fine subdivision, correlation and homotaxial testing for diachroneity. The strong correlation between each of the six regional sequences and the CSS indicates the high level of accordance among graptolite successions around the world.

scholarly journals Zagadnienie światopoglądu w edukacji ekologicznej

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 505-515
Author(s):  
Jacek W. Czartoszewski
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Ecological Values ◽  
Material Goods ◽  
High Level ◽  
Huge Challenge ◽  
Human Awareness

The XXI century for humanity is a challenge in awareness of failures in the condition of the social environment as well in huge contamination of nature. This problem can be resolved only on the way of grasping junctures man in the world toward Absolute and the other adventitious entities. There is a necessary general change of human awareness, which will strengthen love to the other people and amends an evil site between mankind. It should be joined with changing mentality reducing consumption material goods (savings in using up energies and industrial goods) and taking care of remaining for succeeding generations natural environments on better condition than that nowadays. It also needs to create a new high level of outlook upon ecology, which accepts ecological values. This outlook eschewing idealism and inaccuracies should be based on the real ground of Aristotelic and Thomistic orientation. Moreover, it must avoid hatchway in the knowledge, from here society aside from knowledge natures, technical, juridical and economical should own knowing humanistic, which regards anthropology, axioms, theology, and religion (get into completely mode with helping of recognition common sense, wisdom, scientific, philosophic and religionist). On the other way hatchways, inaccuracies, and even contrarieties into understanding the world will become dominant and lead to quarrels and antagonisms. From here floats a huge challenge for leaders, who should take on their own shoulder responsibility upon the future of our planet and humanity.

scholarly journals Novel Approaches to Evaluate the Ability of Vehicles for Secured Transportation

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-88
Author(s):  
Bence Kocsis ◽  
Gábor Vida ◽  
Zsolt Szalay ◽  
György Ágoston
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Process Safety ◽  
Autonomous Cars ◽  
The World ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Novel Approaches ◽  
High Level ◽  
Reduced Mobility ◽  
Day By Day

The assurance of process safety plays an important role in the field of information technology. Securing the information has become one of the biggest challenges in the present day. Whenever we think about the protected systems the first thing that comes to our mind can be malicious interventions which are increasing immensely day by day. Nowadays we live the world of huge automotive developments with the appearance of the demand for autonomous vehicles. On the other hand, technological developments also provide a lot of advantages for the society. The benefits of autonomous cars include reduced mobility costs, increased safety, increased mobility, significant reduction of traffic collisions. However, it cannot be forgotten that the extension of cyberspace affects the transportation increasingly. Accordingly, cars are produced with high level of connectivity and automation. Therefore, the risks arriving from the cyberspace can now endanger the safe and secured transportation. These tendencies shall motivate manufacturers and developers to permanently improve the ability of vehicles to protect themselves and their passengers.

scholarly journals THE ROAD SAFETY AT TURBO ROUNDABOUTS IN POLAND

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Macioszek
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
The Other ◽  
Continuous Line ◽  
The Road ◽  
Traffic Lane ◽  
The World ◽  
High Level ◽  
Traffic Organization

There are to two groups of turbo roundabouts used currently in Poland. The first group is turbo roundabouts with geometry and traffic organization designed following the model of Dutch turbo roundabouts with raised lane dividers. The other group is turbo roundabouts with traffic organization which entirely or partly corresponds to traffic organization of conventional turbo roundabouts, but with lane dividers not present, with their function performed by a single continuous line of P-2 type. Turbo roundabouts in the world are considered as solutions which are characterized by a high level of road safety and allow for effective flow at substantial traffic intensities. The data about turbo roundabouts in Poland analysed by the author show that there are substantially more turbo roundabouts without raised lane dividers. The paper attempts to answer to the question of whether turbo roundabouts with lane dividers in the form of a single continuous line ensure the appropriate level of road safety. Furthermore, the comparison of the level of road safety in turbo roundabouts equipped in raised lane dividers with turbo roundabouts with lane separators in the form of continuous line revealed that turbo roundabouts with raised lane dividers are safer solutions than turbo roundabouts with traffic lane dividers in the form of continuous line.

scholarly journals Is the Bike Segment of Modern Olympic Triathlon More a Transition towards Running in Males than It Is in Females?

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Piacentini ◽  
Luca Bianchini ◽  
Carlo Minganti ◽  
Marco Sias ◽  
Andrea Di Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Smooth Transition ◽  
Race Time ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
The World ◽  
High Level ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
World Ranking ◽  
Very High

In 2009, the International Triathlon Union created a new triathlon race format: The World Triathlon Series (WTS), for which only athletes with a top 100 world ranking are eligible. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of the three disciplines on performance within all the WTS Olympic distance races within two Olympic cycles, and to determine whether their relative contribution changed over the years. Methods: For each of a total of 44 races, final race time and position as well as split times (and positions), and summed time (and position) at each point of the race were collected and included in the analysis. Athletes were divided into 4 groups according to their final race placing (G1: 1st–3rd place; G2: 4–8th place; G3: 8–16th place and G4: ≥17th place). Two-way multivariate ANOVAs were conducted to compare the main effects of years and rank groups. For females, there were significant differences in the swim and bike segment only between G4 and the other groups (p range from 0.001–0.029), whilst for the run segment each group differed significantly from each other (p < 0.001). For males, there were significant differences in swim only between G4 and the other groups (p range from 0.001–0.039), whilst for the running segment each group differed significantly from the others (p < 0.001). Although we found running to be the segment where there were significant differences between performance groups, it is apparently important for overall success that a good runner be positioned with the first cycling pack. However, bike splits were not different between either of the four male groups or between the first 3 groups of the females. At this very high level of performance, at least in the males, the bike leg seems to be a smooth transition towards running.

scholarly journals Study Regarding the Play of the wing player at the World Handball Championship – Serbia 2013

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 55-58
Author(s):  
Ionică Cărăbaş
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The World ◽  
High Level

Abstract The ascension to the top of the world hierachy in hanball implies a minutiously preparation, considering all the factors of the sporting training, of the players who compose the team. If, not long ago, a team having a 9 m line and a valuable goalkeeper could lean the victory balance in its favour, nowadays, a team can not win a high level competition without having very valuable players on the other posts too. Considering the aspects presented, the study proposes to demonstrate the importance of the players’ contribution who evolve on the wing post, in the modern handball game.

Vom Schrank und seinen Türen und einem Meer, das lachte

POETICA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 259-281
Author(s):  
Holger Kuße
Keyword(s):  
Early Period ◽  
Semantic Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Period ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The One ◽  
Semantic Cluster

Abstract The paper deals with the semantic theory of interpretation of A. F. Losev in his early period up to 1930 as well as in his linguistic investigations in the 70’s and 80’s of the last century. In using a word or some grammatical category, a speaker already interprets some state of affairs. In a sense, all invariant meaning seems to be metaphorical, i.e. meanings are interpretations of the world. This theory is illustrated with some famous examples by Losev himself: Garden, cabinet, the sentence “The sea was laughing”. Reflecting about his garden and his cabinet Losev shows the difference and convergence of parts and the whole: trees, flowers or the cabinet’s doors on the one hand, and the garden or the cabinet as a whole on the other. These relations are related to the meaning of words. In his early works, especially in the Philosophy of the Name and the Dialectics of Myth, Losev sees in meaning a semantic cluster which develops within speech (in sentences, narrations or myths). The works of the late period investigate invariant meanings of words and grammatical categories in the sense of some interpretive force.

scholarly journals Trust Through Intelligence?

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 108-125
Author(s):  
Jamie Summers
Keyword(s):  
Public Engagement ◽  
Community Policing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lone Wolf ◽  
Counter Terrorism ◽  
Background Checks ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
The World ◽  
High Level ◽  
Community Intelligence

It would be understandable to view community policing and counter-terrorism policing as two distinct concepts which are intrinsically situated at opposites poles in the world of policing. While one invokes cultures such as transparency, public engagement and visibility, the other is traditionally considered as a series of clandestine operations more akin to the intelligence-led policing model. This paper will argue that the two policing strategies are in fact compatible. With a shift in the nature of terrorism itself apparent, the contemporary lone wolf attacker is not only a deadly threat, but one which is incredibly difficult to detect using methods such as background checks and covert investigation. This is due to a lack of communication and/or physical ties between attackers, a high level of isolation stemming from affinity to extremist ideologies, combined with self-struggle and anger. In order to combat prospective attacks, effective preventative measures must be implemented in both geographical and social spaces. Such measures warrant the implementation of community policing philosophies which can help establish trust and promote co-operation, leading to accurate, reliable community intelligence, as well as reassurance and security for the members of the community itself.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT – TRADITIONAL OR AGILE?

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98
Author(s):  
Hanna Soroka-Potrzebna
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Agile Project Management ◽  
The World ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level

In a fast-growing world, project management has become one of the most important pillars that help companies operate without interruptions in their processes. Both small and large organizations around the world use methods and techniques of project management to successfully complete various projects without any obstacles. Although traditional project management has been used for a long time, for several years changes have been observed on the one hand due to the high level of complexity and dynamics of the business environment, and on the other hand the innovativeness of enterprises. In such an environment, the traditional approach becomes inadequate to the contemporary requirements of the environment and may be unfavorable for projects that are structurally complex and uncertain. Currently, it is the agile project management that is considered the most practical and flexible for the company’s development. The article aims to present and compare both approaches to project management, and to assess the validity of the prevailing belief that agile project management is better.

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