Volume Equations and Stand Volumes for Unthinned Norway Spruce Plantations in New York

1986 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J. Jokela ◽  
Russell D. Briggs ◽  
Edwin H. White
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Soil Drainage ◽  
Quadratic Mean ◽  
Central New York ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Allegheny Plateau ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Total and merchantable stem volume prediction equations (English and metric) were developed using data from 228 trees sampled in 38 unthinned Norway spruce stands varying in age from 45 to 55 years on the Allegheny Plateau in central New York. The equations were used to estimate stand volumes for the 38 sample plantations. The results demonstrate the potential of Norway spruce as a fiber source, having growth rates equal to or exceeding those of native northern conifer species. Average total height of dominant and codominant stems, basal area, quadratic mean diameters, and total and merchantable standing volume for the sample stands ranged from 58-93 ft, 150-239 ft2/ac, 6.5-10.6 in, 5431-8833 ft3/ac, and 4431-8218 ft3;/ac, respectively. The most productive stands were generally found on well-drained to moderately well-drained soils, although Norway spruce grew well over a broad range of soil drainage conditions. North. J. Appl. For. 3:7-10, Mar. 1986.

Site Index Curves for Unthinned Norway Spruce Plantations in New York

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-254
Author(s):  
Eric J. Jokela ◽  
Steven B. Jack ◽  
Christopher A. Nowak
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Soil Catena ◽  
Central New York ◽  
Field Estimation ◽  
Allegheny Plateau

Abstract Polymorphic site index curves were developed for Norway spruce growing in unthinned, old-field plantations in the Allegheny Plateau region of central New York (reference age is 50 years at breast height). Stem analysis data were collected from 151 dominant and codominant trees representing a single but wide-spread soil catena (Bath - Lordstown - Mardin - Volusia; approx. 2.7 million ac). Site index curves at 10-ft intervals for breast height ages 10 to 50 years are furnished for field estimation. For more precise estimates, a table of site index values by 2-ft heights and 2-year ages is provided. North. J. Appl. For. 5:251-254, December 1988.

scholarly journals The effect of root rot and bark-stripping on wind stability of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) = Parastās egles (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) vēja noturības izmaiņas sakņu trupes un stumbra mizas bojājumu ietekmē

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Oskars Krisans ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Natural Disturbances ◽  
Bark Stripping ◽  
Secondary Failure ◽  
Spruce Stands

Climate change causes gradual decline of economic value of Norway spruce forestry except in boreal and hemiboreal forest zones that will remain suitable for this tree species. However, also in this region frequency and scale of damages caused by natural disturbances (abiotic and biotic factors) are expected to increase. Norway spruce will remain its economic significance and role in carbon sequestration in Latvia, if forest management practices will be changed to prevent or minimize the damages caused by natural disturbances. Information on effect of natural disturbances and their interactions on trees is vital for development of recommendations for adaptation of forestry to climate change. The aim of the thesis is to assess the effect of root rot and bark-stripping on possibility of wind induced damages in Norway spruce stands. Tree mechanical stability was primarily determined by its stem volume; however, the presence of damages, caused by biotic agents, such as root rot and bark-stripping, significantly reduced it. Morphometric parameters of Norway spruce stem and root plate differed significantly between stands on drained peat and mineral soils. Root-rot notably and significantly affected mechanical stability of trees regardless of soil type and volume of root-soil plate, resulting in similar reduction of wind load necessary to cause both primary and secondary failure. Consequences of bark-stripping primarily affected root-soil anchorage, more commonly causing uprooting than stem fracture. Most pronounced was reduction of resistance against primary failure. Changing wind climate, high population density of cervids and presence of root-rot will lead to increased risk of damages caused by (repeated) storms and subsequent legacy effects. The survival of forest stands depends on dimensions of trees and exposure time to different damaging agents, and, at current climate and silvicultural practice, was significantly reduced when transitioning into third age class (41-60 years). Targeted forestry, ensuring planting of improved material, lower initial density, timely precommercial thinning and thus ensuring faster reach of the tree dimension required for final harvest will reduce the time when stands are subjected to significant wind damage risk, thus minimizing the possibility of such disturbance and boosting value of Norway spruce stands.

scholarly journals Carbon Pools in a Hemiboreal Over-Mature Norway Spruce Stands

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Ķēniņa ◽  
Didzis Elferts ◽  
Endijs Bāders ◽  
Āris Jansons
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Carbon Pool ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Site Types

Old unmanaged forests are commonly assumed to be carbon neutral; however, there is still a lack of reference studies available to increase the recognition of carbon stock changes in these forests. Studies of old forest carbon storage from hemiboreal regions are very rare compared to temperate and boreal forests in Europe; therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify the carbon stock in hemiboreal over-mature (167–213 years) Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands. To explore the total ecosystem carbon pool, the carbon stock of tree biomass, deadwood, and soil in unmanaged (for at least the last 40 years) spruce stands was calculated and compared between different forest site types on dry, wet, and drained mineral soils. Total carbon stock of hemiboreal over-mature spruce stands ranged from 164.8 Mg C ha−1 to 386.7 Mg C ha−1, and 238.5 Mg C ha−1 on average, with no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the forest site types. The carbon stock of tree biomass was significantly affected by the basal area of the upper tree layer (p < 0.0001) and the interaction between the forest site type and proportion of spruce in the stand composition (p = 0.002). Tree biomass was the dominant carbon pool, followed by soil and deadwood in over-mature spruce stands.

Wood density in Norway spruce: changes with thinning intensity and tree age

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1767-1778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuula Jaakkola ◽  
Harri Mäkinen ◽  
Pekka Saranpää
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Thinning Intensity ◽  
Individual Tree Growth ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Individual Trees

The effect of thinning intensity on growth and wood density in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) was investigated in two long-term thinning experiments in southeastern Finland. The stands were approaching maturity, and their development had already been studied for 30 years. The intensities of thinning were low, normal, and high (i.e., the stand basal area after the thinning was, on average, 40, 27, and 24 m2·ha–1, respectively, in Heinola, and 30, 28, and 17 m2·ha–1 in Punkaharju, respectively). Compared with the low thinning intensity, the normal and high thinning intensities increased the basal-area increment of individual trees by 52% and 68%, respectively. Normal and high thinning intensities resulted in a relatively small reduction (1%–4%) of mean ring density compared with low thinning intensity. The random variation in wood density between and within trees was large. About 27% of the total variation in wood density was related to variation between rings. Our results indicate that the prevailing thinning intensities in Norway spruce stands in Fennoscandia cause no marked changes in wood density. At least, the possible reduction in wood density is low compared with the increase in individual tree growth.

scholarly journals Relating Forest Attributes with Area- and Tree-Based Light Detection and Ranging Metrics for Western Oregon

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Goerndt ◽  
Vincente J. Monleon ◽  
Hailemariam Temesgen
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Light Detection And Ranging ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Height Distribution ◽  
Light Detection ◽  
Quadratic Mean ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Forest Attributes ◽  
Quadratic Mean Diameter

Abstract Three sets of linear models were developed to predict several forest attributes, using stand-level and single-tree remote sensing (STRS) light detection and ranging (LiDAR) metrics as predictor variables. The first used only area-level metrics (ALM) associated with first-return height distribution, percentage of cover, and canopy transparency. The second alternative included metrics of first-return LiDAR intensity. The third alternative used area-level variables derived from STRS LiDAR metrics. The ALM model for Lorey's height did not change with inclusion of intensity and yielded the best results in terms of both model fit (adjusted R2 = 0.93) and cross-validated relative root mean squared error (RRMSE = 8.1%). The ALM model for density (stems per hectare) had the poorest precision initially (RRMSE = 39.3%), but it improved dramatically (RRMSE = 27.2%) when intensity metrics were included. The resulting RRMSE values of the ALM models excluding intensity for basal area, quadratic mean diameter, cubic stem volume, and average crown width were 20.7, 19.9, 30.7, and 17.1%, respectively. The STRS model for Lorey's height showed a 3% improvement in RRMSE over the ALM models. The STRS basal area and density models significantly underperformed compared with the ALM models, with RRMSE values of 31.6 and 47.2%, respectively. The performance of STRS models for crown width, volume, and quadratic mean diameter was comparable to that of the ALM models.

scholarly journals Application and limitations of growth models for silvicultural purposes in heterogeneously structured forest in Sweden

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 458-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Drössler ◽  
N. Fahlvik ◽  
B. Elfving
Keyword(s):  
Growth Models ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Growth Functions ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
Single Tree Selection ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Selection Forest ◽  
Using Data

The paper addresses the problem of estimating future stand development in heterogeneously structured forests in Sweden; specifically, multi-layered spruce stands and mature pine stands with advanced spruce undergrowth. We first introduce various supporting concepts and models with their empirical databases, model validation and constraints. Secondly, Swedish single-tree growth functions designed for more heterogeneously structured forest are tested using data from inventory plots, a thinning experiment in an uneven-aged forest stand, and yield plots in pristine forest. Future growth of a managed, multi-layered forest was simulated and is compared with other selected functions. Simulation results, expected errors and time constraints are discussed. For most models, projected stand basal area growth deviated 10&ndash;20% from the observed growth in individual stands. In single stands, the deviation ranged from 0 to 60%. Validation periods were often 5&ndash;15 years, sometimes even more than 30 years. For Swedish single-tree basal area growth functions, on average, a 5% overestimate was found for heterogeneously structured forest across Sweden. Observed growth in a boreal single-tree selection forest was underestimated by 12.5% fifteen years after thinning from above.

scholarly journals Landscape Diversity for Reduced Risk of Insect Damage: A Case Study of Spruce Bud Scale in Latvia

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Endijs Bāders ◽  
Āris Jansons ◽  
Roberts Matisons ◽  
Didzis Elferts ◽  
Iveta Desaine
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Landscape Metrics ◽  
Landscape Heterogeneity ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Forest Patch ◽  
Local Diversity ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Generalized Linear Mixed Effects

Spruce bud scale (Physokermes piceae (Schrnk.)) has gained attention due to recent outbreaks in the eastern Baltic Sea region—Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia. In the spring of 2010, it spread rapidly across Latvia, affecting large areas of Norway spruce stands. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the effects of landscape heterogeneity on the damage caused by spruce bud scale in Norway spruce stands. In this study, we evaluated landscape metrics for middle-aged (40 to 70 years old) Norway spruce-dominated stands (>70% of stand’s basal area) in four of the most affected forest massifs and two unaffected forest massifs. We used a binary logistic generalized linear mixed effects model (GLMMs) to assess the effect of environmental factors on the abundance of the spruce bud scale. Our results show that increased local diversity within 100 m of a forest patch apparently reduced the probability of spruce bud scale presence. We also found that the diversity within 1000 m of a patch was associated with an increased probability of spruce bud scale damage. A quantitative analysis of landscape metrics in our study indicated that greater landscape-scale diversity of stands may reduce insect damages.

scholarly journals Allometric relationships for the estimation of dry mass of aboveground organs in young highland Norway spruce stand

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 217-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Marková ◽  
Radek Pokorný
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Power Functions ◽  
Biomass Expansion Factors ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
The One

This study falls into site-specific studies (here in the Drahanská vrchovina Highland) focusing on the determination of allometric relationships between the stem dendrometric and biomass parameters in young Norway spruce stands. The total aboveground biomass (TB) of a sampled tree with 14.9 m in height and 15.5 cm in stem diameter at 1.3 m (DBH) averaged to 110.3 kg. The stem biomass participated on average by 54 %, branch biomass by 24 % and needle biomass by 22 % on the TB of the sampled spruce tree. TB of the tree and the biomass of individual aboveground tree organs were predicted with the highest accuracy (over 91 %) from DBH or a stem diameter at the one tenth of the tree height using allometric-power functions. The stem diameters up to 70 % of the relative tree height predicted TB accurately (over 95 %) as well. The biomass expansion factors based on the stem volume expansion to TB of the tree, as well as the biomass of each of the aboveground tree organs did not show functional dependency on DBH.

scholarly journals The structure analysis of the Norway spruce stands after schematic thinning in the 1st protected zone of water-supply storage

Beskydy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-108
Author(s):  
M. Bátor ◽  
L. Danková
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Slenderness Ratio ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Static Stability ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Protected Zone

The water-supply storages are important resources of drinking water in some regions of Slovakia, especially in surrounding of Banská Bystrica. Málinec is one of the three storages in this region. In protected zone of this storage are planted Norway spruce (hereinafter „spruce“) stands monocultures because of ensuring required water quality in storage. There are 24 years old spruce stands without admixture of deciduous trees in the upper layer. Understory is formed by blackthorn (PRP 1). On this locality was carried out geometric (schematic) thinning what is not recommended in protected zones because of worse influencing of soil permeability, humus decomposition and open forest edge creating. There was identified one older permanent research plot (PRP) and established one new PRP where was performed own measurements. Into the PRPs there are transekts and remaining area. Acreage of PRP is 0,234 and 0,315 ha. On the whole area were measured tree diameter and assessed tree classes (5 degrees–Polanský 1955). Moreover, on transekts were measured tree and also crown height. Based of measured variables were calculated stand characteristics like slenderness ratio, crown ratio, growing stock and basal area. If it is possible, these were compared with older results. The aim of this work is evaluation of spruce stands structure and their stability after schematic thinning. This kind of silvicultural treatment is absolutely unfit in stands with specific (water-protested) function (Slodičák et al. 2010). These stands are from the perspective of static stability too unfit–basal area and abundance of trees is nearly as in yield tables (Kolektív 1992) but growing stock is much higher and a lot of trees is too slim. The slenderness ratio is from 75 to 90 %. But the crown lenght is quite good with crown ratio 52–64 %. In these ages of stands are crowns reduced too much. Suitable individual thinning has been in these stands neglected (growing stock is higher than normal). There is assumed reduced stand lifetime after schematic thinning. Current stand structure is due to the young age inappropriate.

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