Image Consecrations

Buddhism ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron Warner
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Body Images ◽  
Buddhist Studies ◽  
Two Dimensional Image ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
The Buddha ◽  
Proper Context

Buddhists erect shrines within monasteries and temples, at home, or even in the workplace in order to have a proper context for performing rituals. Representations of the body (images), speech (texts), and mind (stūpas) of the Buddha serve as the focal point of a shrine. Images might be a two-dimensional painting or a three-dimensional statue. Often, before a new image is installed in a shrine, a ritual specialist has consecrated (pratiṣṭhā/buddhâbhiṣeka) it. When consecrating an image, the ritual specialist, usually a Buddhist monk or priest, brings it to life for the patron, a local devotee or resident clergy, who sponsored the ritual. In the Tibetan tradition, in the case of a two-dimensional image, a mantra or dhāraṇī might be inscribed on the back at points that correspond to the head, throat, and chest region, symbolizing respectively the body, speech, and mind. Three-dimensional, hollow images are filled with other representations of the body, speech, and mind of the Buddha. In the East and Southeast Asian traditions, faux organs might be inserted. However, many consecration rituals contain within their liturgy an understanding that, ontologically speaking, the presence of the Buddha already pervades all space. Ultimately, there is no need to perform a consecration ritual. The intention is to entice the presence of the Buddhist deity in question to dwell in the image, therefore making it possible for the community to interact with the presence of the Buddha (or a related deity). However, the rituals are performed with an understanding that they facilitate a person’s relationship to the Buddha’s presence. All evidence indicates that Buddhists have been performing image consecration rituals since the beginning of the Buddhist cult of images over 1,500 years ago. It is still a popular practice for contemporary Buddhists worldwide. Though the ritual has evolved over time in local contexts, the main features of image consecration are still very similar across Buddhist Asia and the West, and they share some features with Jain and Hindu image consecration. As a research topic, image consecration is connected to other subfields of Buddhist studies, especially art history, ontology (multiple bodies of the Buddha), and literature on the life of the Buddha.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional pulmonary monitoring using focused electrical impedance measurements

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-95
Author(s):  
Jakob Orschulik ◽  
Diana Pokee ◽  
Tobias Menden ◽  
Steffen Leonhardt ◽  
Marian Walter
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Impedance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lung Edema ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Impedance Tomography ◽  
Impedance Measurements ◽  
Dimensional Image ◽  
Two Dimensional Image

Abstract Lung pathologies such as edema, atelectasis or pneumonia are potentially life threatening conditions. Especially in critically ill and mechanically ventilated patients, an early diagnosis and treatment is crucial to prevent an Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [1]. Thus, continuous monitoring tool for the lung condition available at the bedside would be highly appreciated. One concept for this is Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT). In EIT, an electrode belt of typically 16 or 32 electrodes is attached at the body surface and multiple impedance measurements are performed. From this, the conductivity change inside the body is reconstructed in a two-dimensional image. In various studies, EIT proved to be a useful tool for quantifying recruitment maneuvers, the assessment of the ventilation homogeneity, the detection of lung edema or perfusion monitoring [2, 3, 4, 5]. Nevertheless, the main problem of EIT is the low spatial resolution (compared to CT) and the limitation to two dimensional images. In this paper, we try to address the latter issue: Instead of projecting conductivity changes onto a two-dimensional image, we adjust electrode positions to focus single tetrapolar measurements to specific, three-dimensional regions of interest. In earlier work, we defined guidelines to achieve this focusing [6, 7]. In this paper, we demonstrate in simulations and in a water tank experiment that applying these guidelines can help to detect pathologies in specific lung regions.

scholarly journals A Self-Established “Machining-Measurement-Evaluation” Integrated Platform for Taper Cutting Experiments and Applications

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 929
Author(s):  
Xudong Yang ◽  
Zexiao Li ◽  
Linlin Zhu ◽  
Yuchu Dong ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Precision Machining ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Image ◽  
Two Dimensional Image ◽  
Integrated Platform ◽  
Hard And Brittle Materials ◽  
Ultra Precision ◽  
Cutting Experiments

Taper-cutting experiments are important means of exploring the nano-cutting mechanisms of hard and brittle materials. Under current cutting conditions, the brittle-ductile transition depth (BDTD) of a material can be obtained through a taper-cutting experiment. However, taper-cutting experiments mostly rely on ultra-precision machining tools, which have a low efficiency and high cost, and it is thus difficult to realize in situ measurements. For taper-cut surfaces, three-dimensional microscopy and two-dimensional image calculation methods are generally used to obtain the BDTDs of materials, which have a great degree of subjectivity, leading to low accuracy. In this paper, an integrated system-processing platform is designed and established in order to realize the processing, measurement, and evaluation of taper-cutting experiments on hard and brittle materials. A spectral confocal sensor is introduced to assist in the assembly and adjustment of the workpiece. This system can directly perform taper-cutting experiments rather than using ultra-precision machining tools, and a small white light interference sensor is integrated for in situ measurement of the three-dimensional topography of the cutting surface. A method for the calculation of BDTD is proposed in order to accurately obtain the BDTDs of materials based on three-dimensional data that are supplemented by two-dimensional images. The results show that the cutting effects of the integrated platform on taper cutting have a strong agreement with the effects of ultra-precision machining tools, thus proving the stability and reliability of the integrated platform. The two-dimensional image measurement results show that the proposed measurement method is accurate and feasible. Finally, microstructure arrays were fabricated on the integrated platform as a typical case of a high-precision application.

Two- and Three-Dimensional Simulations of the Flow Around a Cylinder Fitted With Strakes

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno S. Carmo ◽  
Rafael S. Gioria ◽  
Ivan Korkischko ◽  
Cesar M. Freire ◽  
Julio R. Meneghini
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Vortex Shedding ◽  
Free Stream ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vortex Wake ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Flow Around A Cylinder ◽  
Three Dimensional Simulations ◽  
Angle Of Rotation

Two- and three-dimensional simulations of the flow around straked cylinders are presented. For the two-dimensional simulations we used the Spectral/hp Element Method, and carried out simulations for five different angles of rotation of the cylinder with respect to the free stream. Fixed and elastically-mounted cylinders were tested, and the Reynolds number was kept constant and equal to 150. The results were compared to those obtained from the simulation of the flow around a bare cylinder under the same conditions. We observed that the two-dimensional strakes are not effective in suppressing the vibration of the cylinders, but also noticed that the responses were completely different even with a slight change in the angle of rotation of the body. The three-dimensional results showed that there are two mechanisms of suppression: the main one is the decrease in the vortex shedding correlation along the span, whilst a secondary one is the vortex wake formation farther downstream.

A Study of Water Surface Deformation Due to Tip Vortices Wing-in-Ground Effect

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (02) ◽  
pp. 182-186
Author(s):  
Tracie J. Barber
Keyword(s):  
Water Surface ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ground Effect ◽  
Aerodynamic Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vehicle Design ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Tip Vortices ◽  
Wing Tip

The accurate prediction of ground effect aerodynamics is an important aspect of wing-in-ground (WIG) effect vehicle design. When WIG vehicles operate over water, the deformation of the nonrigid surface beneath the body may affect the aerodynamic performance of the craft. The likely surface deformation has been considered from a theoretical and numerical position. Both two-dimensional and three-dimensional cases have been considered, and results show that any deformation occurring on the water surface is likely to be caused by the wing tip vortices rather than an increased pressure distribution beneath the wing.

THREE‐DIMENSIONAL INDUCED POLARIZATION AND ELECTROMAGNETIC MODELING

Geophysics ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald W. Hohmann
Keyword(s):  
Integral Equation ◽  
Green's Functions ◽  
Green’S Functions ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Induced Polarization ◽  
The Body ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Electromagnetic Modeling ◽  
The Earth

The induced polarization (IP) and electromagnetic (EM) responses of a three‐dimensional body in the earth can be calculated using an integral equation solution. The problem is formulated by replacing the body by a volume of polarization or scattering current. The integral equation is reduced to a matrix equation, which is solved numerically for the electric field in the body. Then the electric and magnetic fields outside the inhomogeneity can be found by integrating the appropriate dyadic Green’s functions over the scattering current. Because half‐space Green’s functions are used, it is only necessary to solve for scattering currents in the body—not throughout the earth. Numerical results for a number of practical cases show, for example, that for moderate conductivity contrasts the dipole‐dipole IP response of a body five units in strike length approximates that of a two‐dimensional body. Moving an IP line off the center of a body produces an effect similar to that of increasing the depth. IP response varies significantly with conductivity contrast; the peak response occurs at higher contrasts for two‐dimensional bodies than for bodies of limited length. Very conductive bodies can produce negative IP response due to EM induction. An electrically polarizable body produces a small magnetic field, so that it is possible to measure IP with a sensitive magnetometer. Calculations show that horizontal loop EM response is enhanced when the background resistivity in the earth is reduced, thus confirming scale model results.

scholarly journals The Biomechanics of Erections: Modeling the Penis as a One-Comparment Pressurized Vessel vs. Modeling it as a Two-Compartments Pressurized Vessel

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mohamed ◽  
A. Erdman ◽  
G. Timm
Keyword(s):  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Tunica Albuginea ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Von Mises Stress ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Biomechanical Models ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The One

Previous biomechanical models of the penis that have attempted to simulate penile erections have either been limited to two-dimensional geometry, simplified three-dimensional geometry or made inaccurate assumptions altogether. Most models designed the shaft of the penis as a one-compartment pressurized vessel fixed at one end, when in reality it is a two-compartments pressurized vessel, in which the compartments diverge as they enter the body and are fixed at two separate points. This study began by designing simplified two-dimensional and three-dimensional models of the erect penis using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) methods with varying anatomical considerations for analyzing structural stresses, axial buckling and lateral deformation. The study then validated the results by building physical models replicating the computer models. Finally a more complex and anatomically accurate model of the penis was designed and analyzed. There was a significant difference in the peak von-Mises stress distribution between the one-compartment pressurized vessel and the more anatomically correct two-compartments pressurized vessel. Furthermore, the two-compartments diverging pressurized vessel was found to have more structural integrity when subject to external lateral forces than the one-compartment pressurized vessel. This study suggests that Mother Nature has favored an anatomy of two corporal cavernosal bodies separated by a perforated septum as opposed to one corporal body, due to better structural integrity of the tunica albuginea when subject to external forces.

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