Marriage and Dowry

Author(s):  
Alexander Cowan

The history of marriage is inseparable from the history of the family as an institution and from the history of the female experience. Thematically, it falls into four linked categories, the making of marriages, the ceremonies surrounding marriage (Marriage Rituals), which were both religious and secular and could span lengthy periods of time, the functioning of marriage within the couple, and the social and economic roles of widows and widowers. Dowries, the sums of money and material goods which were normally transferred to the husband or his family at the time of getting married but later returned to widows, played a central role in all four of these categories. Interest in these issues first emerged in the 1960s and found a place among the historians linked to the journals Annales: Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations in France (see Annales: Histoire, Sciences sociales, cited under Journals), Quaderni Storici in Italy (also cited under Journals), and the Cambridge Group for the Study of Population and Social Structure in the United Kingdom. Multiple studies from all parts of Europe have blossomed as a result.

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Hasanuddin Hasanuddin

AbstrakPontianak mendapat perhatian kolonial Belanda setelah Inggris melakukan perdagangan di Kalimantan Barat. Persaingan dagang antara Belanda dan Inggris membawa pengaruh bagi perdagangan di Pontianak. Kemajuan perdagangan menarik perhatian kolonial Belanda untuk menguasai Pontianak. Kolonial Belanda membatasi kekuasaan Sultan Pontianak melalui perjanjian-perjanjian membawa dampak sosial, politik, ekonomi, dan budaya. Eksploitasi kolonial Belanda melahirkan perubahan-perubahan baru dalam hubungan kekuasaan kongsi-kongsi Cina dan monopoli perdagangan di Pontianak. Kolonial Belanda semakin mempertegas kekuasaannya di Pontianak setelah Inggris mengesahkan James Brooke sebagai wakil pemerintahannya di Kalimantan Utara. Terdapat interelasi yang dinamis antara perubahan struktur politik dan ekonomi terhadap perubahan sosial masyarakat di Pontianak. Hubungan komunikasi melalui jaringan perdagangan antarpulau telah mendorong para pedagang sebagai komunitas baru membentuk dan mendirikan perkampungan suku bangsa di Pontianak. Hubungan yang dinamis antara Pontianak dengan daerah-daerah di Kalimantan Barat terutama Sambas, Mempawah, Landak, Sanggau, Sintang, Matan, dan Sukadana telah membawa kemajuan politik dan ekonomi Pontianak sebagai pusat perdagangan dan pemerintahan Residen Kalimantan Barat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah yaitu studi pustaka dengan mengumpulkan data-data sejarah, dengan menguraikan suatu peristiwa ke dalam bagian-bagiannya dalam rangka memahami kebijakan politik dan perdagangan kolonial Belanda di Pontianak. Abstract Pontianak had an attention of Dutch colonial after British trade in West Kalimantan. Trade competition between the Netherlands and the United Kingdom had an impact on trade in Pontianak. The pprogress attract the attention of Dutch colonial to master Pontianak. The Dutch Colonial control the power of the Sultan of Pontianak through agreements and bring the impact in the social, political, economic, and cultural. Dutch colonial exploitation brought changes in the power relations of chinesse allied and the monopoly of trade in Pontianak. The Dutch colonial emphasized rule in Pontianak after United Kingdom endorses James Brooke as a representative government in North Kalimantan.There is a dynamic interrelation changes in political and economic that brought change social structures in Pontianak. The communication links through a network of inter-island trade has prompted traders as new communities formed and founded the settlement of ethnic groups in Pontianak. The dynamic relationship between Pontianak and West Kalimantan areas such as Sambas, Mempawah, Landak, Sanggau, Sintang, Matan, and Sukadana has brought political and economic progress.And declared Pontianak as a center of commerce and government Resident West Kalimantan. This study uses the history of the literature by collecting historical data, describing an event into its parts in order to understand the political and trade policies of the colonial Dutch in Pontianak.


Author(s):  
Sameen Masood ◽  
Muhammad Farooq

It is believed that the economic participation of women in Pakistan has been intensively affected by an enduring male-capitalist social system. Moreover, the history of gender discrimination has been linked with the medieval cultural values that uplifted and empowered men over women in every sphere of life, especially in the economic realm. A typical case is believed to be the Pashtun culture. This chapter investigated indigenous values of Pashtun culture where women are underrepresented in the economy. Women did not see themselves as underprivileged. Rather, they perceived themselves as a vital and prestigious part of the family and the wider Pashtun society. For educated women in Pashtun society, the values system is guided by social structure, which is accounted for by stability and unity in society. Cultural values are operationalized as the mechanism of division of labor. The findings redefine female empowerment and propose a new paradigm in the global context. The indigenous value system guides the social structure which leads to stability and unity in the society.


Author(s):  
Margaret L. King

Scholars largely neglected the history of the family until after World War II, when they began to employ theoretical perspectives imported from the social sciences. In the 1960s, two principal figures triggered its study: Philippe Ariès, associated with the French Annales school, and Peter Laslett, cofounder at Cambridge University, England, of the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure. Since that period, studies have proliferated on the history of family and household in Europe and its subregions and on the related topics of childhood and youth.


1998 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
pp. 183-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Graham

This paper uses Callon's actor network theory (ANT) to analyse the emergence of an inter-organisational network innovation: electronic livestock auction systems in the United Kingdom. It is based on a study of the development of these systems by drawing on interviews with developers, operators and users of the competing systems and focusing on the social networks that evolved in their conception and adoption. The validity of ANT as a framework for the analysis of innovation is critically considered. The paper concludes that complexity and barriers to network building led the networks to be constructed from existing components and social linkages, thereby limiting the potential of the innovation to incorporate radical change in the social structure.


2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 532-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Waight

In Western contexts, ‘hand-me-down’ and sharing economies of children’s clothes, toys and equipment remain one of the most normalised cultures of second-hand consumption. This article explores the strategies used by mothers to realise the most economic value from these economies in current austere times with the increased possibilities offered by the democratisation of informal buying and selling spaces. Drawing on an ethnographic study of mothers participating in nearly new sales in the United Kingdom, the article outlines the myriad moralities influencing mothers’ everyday consumption, use and disposal of children’s goods. It argues that providing material goods for children is a thrifty skill with mothers thinking past point-of-purchase to the resale potential of second-hand items. This strategy of trading used children’s goods as a practice to circulate resources in the family and keep up with the commodification of childhood.


Author(s):  
Yi-chin Shih

Winning several important drama awards, such as the Pulitzer Prize and Tony Award, Wendy Wasserstein (1950~2006) is one of the significant playwrights in the history of American theatre. Especially, Wasserstein stimulates the public’s attention to women’s issues by recording many successful female characters in her plays. Aware of the impact of the women’s movement in the 1960s and 1970s, Wasserstein describes how the social movement influences women’s personal life and depicts the joy and pain that feminism brings them. While the backlash against feminism is saturated in the 1980s, Wasserstein also discusses this anti-feminist force in society to see women’s struggles and their awakening. This paper deals with three of Wasserstein’s plays, Uncommon Women and Others (1977), Isn’t It Romantic (1983), and The Heidi Chronicles (1988), together as a quasi-trilogy to examine the development of feminism over three decades from the 1960s to the 1980s and to portray the women’s dilemma of marriage or career. Regarding the women’s predicament of being either “in” or “out” of the family, the paper argues that Wasserstein in the plays sketches different possibilities by emphasizing the diversity of women’s life experience and their autonomy.


1998 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 265-288
Author(s):  
James O. Brown ◽  
Markus Cerman

With little delay, Central European historical research experienced the growth of historical demography and family history that began in English-language historiography during the 1960s. Initial studies on Austria proper were published from the early 1970s onward; in Czechoslovakia the journalHistorická demogmfie(Historical demography), acting as a forum for Czech research in this field, was founded in 1967, and also in Hungary, the 1970s mark the beginning of research into family history and historical demography.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (11) ◽  
pp. 135-139
Author(s):  
Maria Zhukova ◽  
Elena Maystrovich ◽  
Elena Muratova ◽  
Aleksey Fedyakin

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