Racism

Sociology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas F. Pettigrew
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Racial Group ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Cultural Racism ◽  
Unequal Access ◽  
Status Differences

Racism is a doctrine that holds that the world’s human population consists of various “races” that are the primary determinants of human traits and capacities. This doctrine typically regards one’s own race as superior to other races. Intergroup hatred and discrimination generally accompanies racist doctrines. Social science investigates racism at three interrelated levels. First, individual racism involves those individuals who hold racist beliefs. Here racist ideas often overlap with such concepts as prejudice, xenophobia, bigotry, and intolerance. But the key distinguishing feature of individual racism is that the group differences are viewed as innate and unchangeable. If assimilation or conversion is viewed as possible, then intolerance is involved but not racism. Second, situational racism occurs when racist behavior is shaped by the social context. This occurs when face-to-face situations are patterned, based on racist beliefs, to place one group in an inferior position in intergroup interaction. This occurs, for example, when one racial group in a situation possesses most of the resources that emphasize the status differences between the groups. Finally, third, structural and cultural racism results when a society’s institutions are shaped by racist beliefs and results in group discrimination. Indeed, racism’s effects can invade virtually all of a society’s institutions. Thus, racism differentiates human beings from one another by presumed “races,” and this leads to unequal access to resources and opportunities as well as to other forms of inequality such as gender-, ethnic-, and class-based inequity. Much of the research on racism has focused on anti-Black racism in the United States; but non-American references with other racist targets are included.

A Critical Transnational Perspective to Asian America

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yen Le Espiritu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Asian American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Welfare ◽  
Vietnamese Refugees ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Status ◽  
Rights Discourse

Much of the early scholarship in Asian American studies sought to establish that Asian Americans have been crucial to the making of the US nation and thus deserve full inclusion into its polity. This emphasis on inclusion affirms the status of the United States as the ultimate protector and provider of human welfare, and narrates the Asian American subject by modern civil rights discourse. However, the comparative cases of Filipino immigrants and Vietnamese refugees show how Asian American racial formation has been determined not only by the social, economic, and political forces in the United States but also by US colonialism, imperialism, and wars in Asia.

scholarly journals Transformative Action: A Theoretical Framework for Breaking New Ground

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Institutions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Institutionalized Racism ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Transformative Action

Developed by Paulo Freire, critical consciousness (CrC) is a philosophical, theoretical, and practice-based framework encompassing an individual’s understanding of and action against the structural roots of inequity and violence. This article explores divergent CrC scholarship regarding CrC theory and practice; provides an in-depth review of inconsistencies within the CrC “action” domain; and, in an effort to resolve discrepancies within the existing CrC literature, presents a new construct—transformative action (TA)—and details the process of TA development. Comprising three hierarchical levels of action (critical, avoidant, and destructive) for each level of the socio-ecosystem, TA serves as a model for community-based practitioners, such as those working in the fields of social work and public affairs. The authors argue that transformation is necessary to deconstruct the social institutions in the United States that maintain and perpetuate systemic inequity, creating dehumanizing consequences. Through critical TA, community workers can make visible hidden socio-structural factors, such as institutionalized racism and White privilege, countering the historic trend of community workers acting as tools of social control—that is, socializing individuals to adapt to marginalized roles and accept inferior treatment; maintaining and enforcing the status quo; and facilitating conformity with inequitable societal norms and practices. The authors also discuss the implications of community-based TA practice.

International Survey on Advanced-Level Social Marketing Training Events

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameer Deshpande ◽  
François Lagarde
Keyword(s):  
Social Marketing ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Training Needs ◽  
Advanced Level ◽  
Audience Analysis ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Social ◽  
Training Event ◽  
Level Training

The rising popularity of social marketing as a framework for social change has resulted in an increased demand for advanced-level social marketing training. As a result, an online survey was conducted in early 2007 to identify the social marketing training needs of social sector professionals. A convenient sample of 477 respondents from 33 countries (but primarily from the United States and Canada) responded to the online survey. Respondents expressed an interest in learning a variety of topics. “Audience analysis” was ranked the highest followed by “sustainability of change.” Benefits from and barriers to attending training events were identified. The primary motivation of the respondents to attend a training event was to apply concepts directly to initiatives on which they are currently working. The preferred format of training and other such details were also investigated. Findings from this survey should help trainers and institutions that offer face-to-face training events better respond to advanced-level training needs in the field of social marketing.

Optics Valley of China and Its Social Security Issue

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-175
Author(s):  
Xing Chen
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Open Economy ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Security Issue ◽  
Investment Environment ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Location Policy ◽  
Foreign Entrepreneurs

Rapid development by innovative enterprises is the goal of Optics Valley of China. Currently 1,951 hi-tech companies have started operations in the valley. The anchor industries include optoelectronic information, bioengineering and medicine, environmental protection and energy saving, high-end equipment manufacturing and hi-tech services. Since 2000, the average annual economic growth rate of Optics Valley has been nearly 30%. Optics Valley continues to upgrade the development of an open economy and to attract international well-known companies with the advantage of location, policy, industry and environment. A strategic agreement between Optics Valley of China and Silicon Valley of the United States was signed in February 2012. Economic development and people’s livelihood are always the priorities in China. Toward that end, Optics Valley has adopted a framework of requirements specifying the social security responsibility of the foreign-funded enterprises in the valley as a step to accelerate the formation of a social security system. This article analyses the status of industry development, the region’s investment environment and the regulations governing social security in Optics Valley. The intent is to help foreign entrepreneurs interested in establishing an operation in Optics Valley.

scholarly journals Diversification Pattern of the Widespread Holarctic Cuckoo Bumble Bee, Bombus flavidus (Hymenoptera: Apidae): The East Side Story

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Lhomme ◽  
Sarah D Williams ◽  
Guillaume Ghisbain ◽  
Baptiste Martinet ◽  
Maxence Gérard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Social Parasite ◽  
Bumble Bee ◽  
Species Status ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Taxonomic Approach ◽  
Wing Morphometrics

Abstract Recent bumble bee declines have made it increasingly important to resolve the status of contentious species for conservation purposes. Some of the taxa found to be threatened are the often rare socially parasitic bumble bees. Among these, the socially parasitic bumble bee, Bombus flavidus Eversmann, has uncertain species status. Although multiple separate species allied with B. flavidus have been suggested, until recently, recognition of two species, a Nearctic Bombus fernaldae (Franklin) and Palearctic B. flavidus, was favored. Limited genetic data, however, suggested that even these could be a single widespread species. We addressed the species status of this lineage using an integrative taxonomic approach, combining cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and nuclear sequencing, wing morphometrics, and secretions used for mate attraction, and explored patterns of color polymorphism that have previously confounded taxonomy in this lineage. Our results support the conspecificity of fernaldae and flavidus; however, we revealed a distinct population within this broader species confined to eastern North America. This makes the distribution of the social parasite B. flavidus the broadest of any bumble bee, broader than the known distribution of any nonparasitic bumble bee species. Color polymorphisms are retained across the range of the species, but may be influenced by local mimicry complexes. Following these results, B. flavidusEversmann, 1852 is synonymized with Bombus fernaldae (Franklin, 1911) syn. nov. and a subspecific status, Bombus flavidus appalachiensisssp. nov., is assigned to the lineage ranging from the Appalachians to the eastern boreal regions of the United States and far southeastern Canada.

Racialized Organizations and Color-Blind Racial Ideology in Brazil

2020 ◽  
pp. 233264922094322
Author(s):  
Ian Carrillo
Keyword(s):  
Social Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Racial Ideology ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Organizational Practices ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cultural Racism ◽  
Color Blind

Although the relationship between organizations and structural racism is well established, less is known about how racialization occurs within organizations. Overlooking how racial ideology is imbued in organizational logic obscures the role organizations play in reproducing structural racism. The prevalence of color-blind racial ideology further complicates the study of racialization, as most societies deny the existence of racism targeting people of color. In this article the author asks, How does color-blind racial ideology guide management decisions and the rationalization of racially unequal organizational practices? Using an extended case study method, the author examines sugar-ethanol mills in Brazil, where nonwhite workers are disproportionately exposed to hazardous risks. The author argues that the racialization of organizational practices occurs through a twofold process in which white elites use nonracial discourse to rationalize unequal outcomes and to reproduce the social conditions that steer nonwhite peoples into hazardous worksites. This article makes two contributions to the literature. First, through the discursive frames of cultural racism, naturalization, victimization, and politicized markets, the author shows how the allocation of resources and opportunities at the organizational level shapes and is shaped by racialized social systems. Second, by studying unequal relations in Brazil, the author elucidates the long-standing presence of color blindness in Iberian America while also tracing similarities and differences with color-blind racism in the United States.

scholarly journals TURN TAKING STRATEGIES AND ITS RELATIONS TO EFL LEARNERS’ PERSONALITY AND POWER IN THE INTERACTION OF ENGLISH CONVERSATION CLASS

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Rohmatul Fitriyah Dewi ◽  
Suharsono Suharsono ◽  
Ahmad Munir
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Spoken Discourse ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Social ◽  
Turn Taking ◽  
The Status ◽  
Conversation Class

Conversation is a pivotal spoken discourse needs to be practiced by EFL learners in the classroom. The successful of conversation can be achieved through turn taking strategies as the important part of the conversation. In fact, the way of EFL learners’ turn taking strategies is influenced by the social context where it is employed. This study is aimed at examining social contexts based on how EFL learners’ social personality and power influence their turn taking strategies during the interaction in English conversation class. Since this study depicts naturally occurring interaction, a qualitative approach is applied. By conducting participant observation, the data is gained from EFL learners spoken interactions by using audio recording. The findings reveal that turn taking strategy employed by the learners result their different personality. Besides, the role of power also reflects the participants’ social roles. The higher the status of participants, the more influence the language is in face-to-face interaction. In conclusion, the intertwined of language and social context is beneficial for the learners to motivate them in functioning the language. 

A Qualitative Investigation of the Role of Gender in Young Women’s Dating Violence in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (14) ◽  
pp. 1697-1717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Lehrner ◽  
Nicole E. Allen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Dating Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Undergraduate Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Larger Sample

The relevance of gender has been a central debate in the intimate partner violence (IPV) literature. The current qualitative study explored the role of gender in shaping the social context, meaning, and reception of young women’s IPV in the United States. A total of 36 undergraduate women were recruited from a larger sample for in-depth interviews. Emergent themes suggest that women’s violence was construed as nonequivalent to men’s violence, including the perceived triviality of women’s violence, contingencies under which women’s violence is deemed acceptable, and the status of male IPV as unacceptable. Gender was important for participants and bystanders in determining whether they interpreted behaviors as meaningful acts of violence.

Internet-Mediated Experiences of Underdevelopment: A Four-Country Survey of Academia

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 554-574
Author(s):  
Eric ThOmpson
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
Infrastructural Development ◽  
Substantial Problem ◽  
The Social ◽  
Knowledge Economies ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Unequal Access ◽  
Access Resource

Professional academics in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and the United States have significantly different subjective experiences of Internet use. This difference appears not only in substantial inequalities of access, but also in a higher level of expectation and value placed on the Internet among Indonesians and secondarily Malaysians. These results, from a survey and interviews of teachers and researchers in the social sciences and humanities, are analyzed in the context of dependency theory within knowledge economies. While inadequate and unequal access to information and communication technology is a substantial problem, the article argues that emphasizing access, resource and skills development alone will not solve academic and other more general dependencies within knowledge economies. Rather, a simultaneous — if sometimes conflicting — emphasis on both infrastructural development and de-centered production of knowledge is called for.

Differences in Education and Earnings Across Racial and Ethnic Groups: Tastes, Discrimination, and Investments in Child Quality

2019 ◽  
pp. 217-240
Author(s):  
George J. Borjas ◽  
Barry R. Chiswick ◽  
George J. Borjas ◽  
Barry R. Chiswick
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
The United States ◽  
Investment Model ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Group Status ◽  
Rates Of Return ◽  
Child Quality ◽  
Status Differences

Viewing the United States as comprising many racial and ethnic groups, it is shown that group differences in earnings, schooling, and rates of return from schooling are striking and that the groups with higher levels of schooling also have higher rates of return. These data are shown to be consistent with a child quality investment model, but they are not consistent with the hypotheses that the primary determinants of schooling level are discrimination, minority group status, differences in time preference (discount rates), or “tastes” for schooling. Group differences in fertility and female labor supply are examined as partial determinants of investment in child quality. Policy implications are discussed.

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