scholarly journals Political Advertising

Communication ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynda Lee Kaid ◽  
Annabel Cherry ◽  
Maridith Miles
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Political Advertising ◽  
The United States ◽  
Direct Mail ◽  
Public Communication ◽  
Public Display ◽  
Dominant Form ◽  
Political Candidates ◽  
Media Messages

The study of political advertising encompasses research on how political candidates, parties, and interest groups use mass media messages to persuade voters, policymakers, and the general public that their viewpoint excels that of all the opposition. Political advertising constitutes the dominant form of communication for candidates in the United States and is an important promotional format in democracies around the world. In the United States, political advertising usually must be purchased by the sponsors, but in other countries such advertising may be paid, provided free on public communication outlets, or a combination of paid and free messages. Political advertising research has concentrated primarily on television and frequently at the presidential level, but also includes messages distributed via radio, newspapers, posters and other public display formats, direct mail, and, recently, the Internet. Most studies are concerned with the content of political advertising messages and their effects. Effects are often measured in terms of how well political advertising communicates information; influences evaluations or opinions of candidates, parties, and issues; and affects voting or other behavioral outcomes.

scholarly journals 1414. #Vaccine Twitter Influencers: is it Just About Reach and Followers?

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S714-S715
Author(s):  
Jean-Etienne Poirrier ◽  
Theodore Caputi ◽  
John Ayers ◽  
Mark Dredze ◽  
Sara Poston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Support ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Media Messages ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background A small number of powerful users (“influencers”) dominates conversations on social media platforms: less than 1% of Twitter accounts have at least 3,000 followers and even fewer have hundreds of thousands or millions of followers. Beyond simple metrics (number of tweets, retweets...) little is known about these “influencers”, particularly in relation to their role in shaping online narratives about vaccines. Our goal was to describe influential Twitter accounts that are driving conversations about vaccines and present new metrics of influence. Methods Using publicly-available data from Twitter, we selected posts from 1-Jan-2016 to 31-Dec-2018 and extracted the top 5% of accounts tweeting about vaccines with the most followers. Using automated classifiers, we determined the location of these accounts, and grouped them into those that primarily tweet pro- versus anti-vaccine content. We further characterized the demographics of these influencer accounts. Results From 25,381 vaccine-related tweets available in our sample representing 10,607 users, 530 accounts represented the top 5% by number of followers. These accounts had on average 1,608,637 followers (standard deviation=5,063,421) and 340,390 median followers. Among the accounts for which sentiment was successfully estimated by the classifier, 10.4% (n=55) posted anti-vaccine content and 33.6% (n=178) posted pro-vaccine content. Of the 55 anti-vaccine accounts, 50% (n=18) of the accounts for which location was successfully determined were from the United States. Of the 178 pro-vaccine accounts, 42.5% (n=54) were from the United States. Conclusion This study showed that only a small proportion of Twitter accounts (A) post about vaccines and (B) have a high follower count and post anti-vaccine content. Further analysis of these users may help researchers and policy makers better understand how to amplify the impact of pro-vaccine social media messages. Disclosures Jean-Etienne Poirrier, PhD, MBA, The GSK group of companies (Employee, Shareholder) Theodore Caputi, PhD, Good Analytics Inc. (Consultant) John Ayers, PhD, GSK (Grant/Research Support) Mark Dredze, PhD, Bloomberg LP (Consultant)Good Analytics (Consultant) Sara Poston, PharmD, The GlaxoSmithKline group of companies (Employee, Shareholder) Cosmina Hogea, PhD, GlaxoSmithKline (Employee, Shareholder)

Millard Fillmore and the Compromise of 1850

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred I. Greenstein ◽  
Dale Anderson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Organizational Capacity ◽  
Political Skill ◽  
Vice President ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Communication ◽  
Critical Part ◽  
The Status

This chapter assesses the strengths and weaknesses of Millard Fillmore, focusing on six realms: public communication, organizational capacity, political skill, policy vision, cognitive style, and emotional intelligence. Vice President Fillmore unexpectedly became the thirteenth president of the United States following the death of Zachary Taylor on July 9, 1850. Fillmore had been sidelined in his predecessor's administration, but in his capacity as presiding officer of the Senate, he had carefully followed the heated congressional debate over the status of slavery in the Mexican Cession. Plunged immediately into a crisis when he assumed the presidency, Fillmore played a critical part in the enactment of compromise legislation that appeared at the time to have averted the threat of a war between the slave and free states.

scholarly journals Considerations for Evaluation of Diabetes Prevention Programs in Hispanic Adults in the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
Jinan Banna
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Diabetes Prevention ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Attrition Rates ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Hispanic Adults

Hispanics are at high risk for diabetes. While there have been a number of diabetes prevention programs targeting Hispanics in the United States, not all recent studies focused on evaluating such programs have made use of validated tools to examine behavior change or examined acceptability and feasibility of the intervention. Tools used to assess behavioral outcomes such as diet should be tested to ensure validity and reliability. Acceptability may be examined using qualitative and quantitative measures to obtain feedback on the content of the intervention. Feasibility of the intervention may be evidenced by the enrollment, attendance, and attrition rates, as well as barriers or facilitators to participating in the program. Appropriate and comprehensive evaluation of such programs will allow for continued improvement of prevention efforts to address high rates of diabetes in this at-risk population.

Artikel: Health Information Dissemination in the Information Age: Media, Messages and Roles

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (2-3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf T. Wigand ◽  
Hans-Dieter Klee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Information Dissemination ◽  
The United States ◽  
Free Enterprise ◽  
The Public ◽  
Media Messages ◽  
The Media

SummaryUnderstanding the priorities and workings of the mass media are a prerequisite to gaining the attention of the media and, more importantly, the cooperation of those who control access to media space and time. In addition, one needs to understand information and news filtering and gate-keeping functions carried out by the media. It is also essential to understand the interplay between reporters and their news sources and the fact that both entities have their specific priorities and agenda. In the United States of America the media’s behavior may be viewed and understood, at least in part, as the journalistic performance and exercise in the principles of the First Amendment within the Constitution. Simultaneously though the media are part of the free enterprise system, implying that they are a business whose primary motivation is to maximize profits and minimally to survive as an organization. The media, however, are not in the business of health care, medicine or public health. This contribution characterizes the health information setting in the United States of America. Relevant research has demonstrated that in the process of gaining health information by the consumer, food producers can be highly successful in influencing food-purchasing behavior and thus may have an influence on health and eating behavior. Among the issues addressed here are scientific alarmism, information confusion, disinformation, misinformation and the often resultant paradoxical behavior exhibited by the public. The knowledge gap-hypothesis is explored with regard to its appropriateness in this setting. Researchers found that short, unequivocal and positive media messages - so-called magic bullets - addressing single and relatively simple behaviors can be highly effective and that whatever advice is given should be uncomplicated and negative elements associated with the message should be avoided.It is important for scientists, medical experts and nutritionists, the media and food producers to realize that they all play a vital role in achieving broad-scale health behavior. They need to cooperate and work together to produce a set of clear, consistent, focused and positive messages based on current scientific knowledge and trends. Only then can such recommendations be communicated, understood and acted upon by the public. It is especially important to educate and inform children properly about the appropriate judgement and analysis of advertised messages pertaining to health and eating behavior questions.

Multidimensional Scaling of Political Preferences

1972 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 987-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Elster ◽  
James R. Capra
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Multidimensional Scaling ◽  
The United States ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Political ◽  
Multiple Correlation ◽  
Political Candidates ◽  
Similarity Data ◽  
Political Preferences ◽  
General Appeal

88 officers in the U. S. Navy were asked to state how much they would like each of 14 political personalities elected President of the United States. These respondents were also asked to rate each pairing of the political candidates for how similar-dissimilar they were in general appeal to them. Multidimensional scalings conducted with the similarity data yielded two dimensions. The cross-validated multiple correlation between the set of Presidential preferences and the two sets of coordinates from the multidimensional scaling was .808.

scholarly journals Televised Political Advertisements

Communication ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Benoit
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Federal Funding ◽  
Political Advertising ◽  
The United States ◽  
Television Advertising ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Political Advertisements ◽  
Campaign Finance Law

The first political television advertisement was run by Senator Benton of Connecticut in 1950. The first presidential TV spots were broadcast two years later, when Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower defeated Democrat Adlai Stevenson. These messages have become an extremely important means of communication with voters, particularly for higher-level offices. Billions of dollars are spent on political advertising in America. Obama became the first candidate ever to decline federal funding for the general election campaign, which meant he could spend all he could raise; McCain accepted federal funding, which imposed limits on his spending. Television spots are important for several reasons. The candidate has complete control over the content of these messages; the news selects and often interprets information from candidates. Unlike ads, debates include opponents and candidates may face questions they would rather avoid. TV spots also allow targeting of messages by selecting which markets ads are broadcast in and which programs they are broadcast on. In presidential campaigns this is extremely important because candidates in recent campaigns focus advertising on the states which are “in play” (“battleground states”), states with electoral votes that could be won by either candidate. Although it is increasingly easy for citizens with little interest in the campaign to avoid exposure to political advertising (DVDs, the Internet, and most of cable and satellite TV, for example, do not include such messages), TV spots have the greatest chance of reaching voters who do not seek out information on the campaign. Furthermore, with today’s constantly increasing population, candidates running for offices such as senator and governor—and, in the early 21st century, increasingly for lower offices as well—cannot hope to reach a large proportion of constituents without using TV spots. Political groups, such as PACs (Political Action Committees) or 527s (named after a provision of a campaign finance law) also broadcast political advertisements in the United States. Although some countries have laws regulating the use of political television advertising, this message form is also becoming important in other countries besides the United States. Finally, as we will see below, there is no question that televised political advertising has effects on viewers.

scholarly journals Public Display of Affection in Couples Attending Childbirth Education Classes: Implications for Practice in Thailand

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 8-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srisuthisak Sasamon ◽  
Linda Clark Amankwaa
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Culturally Sensitive ◽  
Public Display ◽  
Childbirth Education ◽  
Education Class

The purpose of this article is to describe couples’ touch behaviors and positions during their interactions in childbirth education class exercises in the United States—practices that might be construed differently among couples in Thailand. Using observations collected at childbirth education classes conducted in the United States during the fall of 2002, the author found four positions that would be considered culturally sensitive with her Thai experiences. Perhaps with some modifications in the technique, mothers and their partners in in the technique, mothers and their partners in Thailand will more readily accept childbirth education classes.

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