scholarly journals West Nile Virus Population Structure, Injury, and Interferon-Stimulated Gene Expression in the Brain From a Fatal Case of Encephalitis

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan D. Grubaugh ◽  
Aaron Massey ◽  
Katherine D. Shives ◽  
Mark D. Stenglein ◽  
Gregory D. Ebel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Fatal Case ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Human Case ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Acute Encephalitis

Abstract Background.  West Nile virus (WNV) infection in humans can result in severe, acute encephalitis typically involving subcortical gray matter brain regions. West Nile virus replication within specific human brain regions from a human case of acute encephalitis has not been studied. Methods.  We describe a fatal case of WNV encephalitis in which we obtained tissue from specific brain regions at autopsy to evaluate viral-host interactions using next-generation sequencing and immunohistochemistry analysis. Results.  We found that WNV populations in the injured subcortical brain regions exhibited increased amino acid variation and increased expression of specific interferon genes compared with cortical tissues despite similar viral burden. Conclusions.  These observational, patient-based data suggest that neuronal injury and the strength of viral selection pressure may be associated with the level of the innate immune responses. Further studies in human and animal models evaluating the role of innate immune responses on injury patterns and viral selection pressure are needed.

scholarly journals West Nile Virus Envelope Protein Inhibits dsRNA-Induced Innate Immune Responses

2007 ◽  
Vol 179 (12) ◽  
pp. 8403-8409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Arjona ◽  
Michel Ledizet ◽  
Karen Anthony ◽  
Nathalie Bonafé ◽  
Yorgo Modis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Envelope Protein ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Virus Envelope ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Virus Envelope Protein

scholarly journals Differential Expression of Genes Related to Innate Immune Responses in Ex Vivo Spinal Cord and Cerebellar Slice Cultures Infected with West Nile Virus

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parminder Vig ◽  
Deyin Lu ◽  
Amber Paul ◽  
Ram Kuwar ◽  
Maria Lopez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Slice Culture ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
West Nile

West Nile virus (WNV) infection results in a spectrum of neurological symptoms, ranging from a benign fever to severe WNV neuroinvasive disease with high mortality. Many who recover from WNV neuroinvasive infection present with long-term deficits, including weakness, fatigue, and cognitive problems. While neurons are a main target of WNV, other cell types, especially astrocytes, play an important role in promoting WNV-mediated central nervous system (CNS) damage. Conversely, it has been shown that cultured primary astrocytes secrete high levels of interferons (IFNs) immediately after WNV exposure to protect neighboring astrocytes, as well as neurons. However, how intrinsic responses to WNV in specific cell types and different regions of the brain modify immune protection is not fully understood. Here, we used a mouse ex vivo spinal cord slice culture (SCSC) and cerebellar slice culture (CSC) models to determine the innate immune responses specific to the CNS during WNV infection. Slices were prepared from the spinal cord and cerebellar tissue of 7–9-day-old mouse pups. Four-day-old SCSC or CSC were infected with 1 × 103 or 1 × 105 PFU of WNV, respectively. After 12 h exposure to WNV and 3 days post-infection in normal growth media, the pooled slice cultures were processed for total RNA extraction and for gene expression patterns using mouse Affymetrix arrays. The expression patterns of a number of genes were significantly altered between the mock- and WNV-treated groups, both in the CSCs and SCSCs. However, distinct differences were observed when CSC data were compared with SCSC. CSCs showed robust induction of interferons (IFNs), IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), and regulatory factors. Some of the antiviral genes related to IFN were upregulated more than 25-fold in CSCs as compared to mock or SCSC. Though SCSCs had twice the number of dysregulated genes, as compared CSCs, they exhibited a much subdued IFN response. In addition, SCSCs showed astrogliosis and upregulation of astrocytic marker genes. In sum, our results suggest that early anti-inflammatory response to WNV infection in CSCs may be due to large population of distinct astrocytic cell types, and lack of those specialized astrocytes in SCSC may make spinal cord cells more susceptible to WNV damage. Further, the understanding of early intrinsic immune response events in WNV-infected ex vivo culture models could help develop potential therapies against WNV.

Oral Immune Activation by Disgust and Disease-Related Pictures

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Stevenson ◽  
Deborah Hodgson ◽  
Megan J. Oaten ◽  
Luba Sominsky ◽  
Mehmet Mahmut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Markers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Secondary Analyses ◽  
Image Set

Abstract. Both disgust and disease-related images appear able to induce an innate immune response but it is unclear whether these effects are independent or rely upon a common shared factor (e.g., disgust or disease-related cognitions). In this study we directly compared these two inductions using specifically generated sets of images. One set was disease-related but evoked little disgust, while the other set was disgust evoking but with less disease-relatedness. These two image sets were then compared to a third set, a negative control condition. Using a wholly within-subject design, participants viewed one image set per week, and provided saliva samples, before and after each viewing occasion, which were later analyzed for innate immune markers. We found that both the disease related and disgust images, relative to the negative control images, were not able to generate an innate immune response. However, secondary analyses revealed innate immune responses in participants with greater propensity to feel disgust following exposure to disease-related and disgusting images. These findings suggest that disgust images relatively free of disease-related themes, and disease-related images relatively free of disgust may be suboptimal cues for generating an innate immune response. Not only may this explain why disgust propensity mediates these effects, it may also imply a common pathway.

Innate immune responses and type 1 diabetes: A role for a long non-coding RNA?

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (S 01) ◽  
Author(s):  
MP Ashton ◽  
I Tan ◽  
L Mackin ◽  
C Elso ◽  
E Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Long Non Coding Rna
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