scholarly journals 233. The Epidemiology, Genomics, and Evolution of Staphylococcus aureus in Northeast Ohio

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S133-S134
Author(s):  
Richard R Watkins ◽  
Dipendra Thapaliya ◽  
Rami Savri ◽  
Tara Smith
Keyword(s):  
Protein A ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Cleveland Clinic ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Effective Prevention Strategies ◽  
Spa Types ◽  
Discriminatory Index ◽  
Panton Valentine Leukocidin

Abstract Background Infections due to S. aureus result in significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expense. We sought to identify the strains of S. aureus causing infections in hospitalized patients in Northeast Ohio and determine whether they are reflective of the S. aureus strains present in the surrounding environment. Methods The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Cleveland Clinic Akron General. Clinical S. aureus isolates (n = 300) were cultured and PCR was used to amplify the staphylococcus protein A (spa), Panton–Valentine Leukocidin (PVL), and mecA genes. The clinical spa types were compared with ones from our data base of S. aureus strains previously collected and sequenced from the community and environment in Northeast Ohio. Results A total of 51 spa types were detected from 129 S. aureus clinical isolates (discriminatory index, 0.876; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.827–0.925; Table 1). The most common spa types were t008 (42/129, 32.6%), t002 (16/129, 12.4%), and t334 (6/129, 4.7%). In comparison, the most frequently detected spa types from the environmental samples were t189 (40/257, 15.6%), t002 (16/257, 6.2%), and t008 (11/257, 4.3%). Among the S. aureus isolates (n = 146), 45 were PVL-positive (30.8%) and 94 (66.7%) carried mecA. Of the 42 t008 (ST8/USA300; a common community-associated strain) isolates, 35 (83.3%) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (based on the presence of the mecA gene) and 25 (59.5%) were PVL-positive. Thirteen of the sixteen (81.2%) t002 (ST5/USA100; a common hospital-associated strain) were MRSA and only one (6.2%) was PVL-positive. Conclusion There is considerable overlap of S. aureus strains present in clinical samples with those found in the environment. This finding should draw attention to the need for more effective prevention strategies to reduce the risk of transmission of S. aureus, including MRSA, in the environment to humans. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of clonal lineage and staphylococcal toxin genes fromS. aureusin Southern Nigeria

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Funmilola A. Ayeni ◽  
Werner Ruppitsch ◽  
Franz Allerberger
Keyword(s):  
Protein A ◽  
High Potential ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Staphylococcal Protein A ◽  
Clonal Lineage ◽  
Clinical Strains ◽  
Enterotoxin Genes ◽  
Southern Nigeria ◽  
Spa Types ◽  
Spa Type

BackgroundStaphylococcus aureusis a human colonizer with high potential for virulence, and the spread of the virulent strains from the colonized hosts to non-carriers in the community is on the increase. However, there are few reports on comprehensive analysis of staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes with clonal lineage inS. aureusin Africa. This is essential because of diversity of cultures and habits of the people. This study analyzed spa types and enterotoxin genes inS. aureusstrains previously isolated from the human nostrils, poultry and clinical samples in Southern Nigeria.MethodsForty-sevenS. aureusisolates were obtained from humans nostrils (n = 13), clinical strains (n = 21) and poultry (n = 13) from previous studies in Southern Nigeria. The strains were analyzed formecAgene, selected toxins genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, sej, sek, sel, sem, sen, seo, sep, seq, ser, seu)and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene(lukS-PV/lukF-PV)by PCR. Population structures of the strains were detected by Staphylococcal protein A (spa) typing.ResultsTwenty different spa types were obtained with the highest percentages, 17% observed inspatype t091 from clinical, nasal and poultry samples while t069 was the most prevalent spa type in poultry. Two MRSA were only detected in human strains. The poultry strains had the highest occurrence of SE genes (18%) followed by nasal strains (15%) and clinical strains (10%). Eighty-nine percent of all tested isolates harbored at least one SE gene;seowas the most prevalent (34%) followed byseg(30%) andsea(21%), whilesec, seeandsejwere absent in all strains. Spa type t355 was associated withlukS-PV/lukF-PVgene and complete absence of all studied SE.Sea, seq, seb, sekwere associated with spa type t069;seawas associated with t127 whilesepwas associated with spa type t091. There were coexistences ofseo/segandsei/seg.ConclusionsThe higher carriage of staphylococci enterotoxin genes by the nasal and poultryS. aureusstrains suggests a high potential of spread of staphylococcal food poisoning through poultry and healthy carriers in the community. This is the first report of high occurrence of staphylococcal enterotoxins genes in poultry from Nigeria.

scholarly journals Mutation-Based Antibiotic Resistance Mechanism in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 420
Author(s):  
Tanveer Ali ◽  
Abdul Basit ◽  
Asad Mustafa Karim ◽  
Jung-Hun Lee ◽  
Jeong-Ho Jeon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Ligand Docking ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Allosteric Site ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

β-Lactam antibiotics target penicillin-binding proteins and inhibit the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a crucial step in cell wall biosynthesis. Staphylococcus aureus acquires resistance against β-lactam antibiotics by producing a penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), encoded by the mecA gene. PBP2a participates in peptidoglycan biosynthesis and exhibits a poor affinity towards β-lactam antibiotics. The current study was performed to determine the diversity and the role of missense mutations of PBP2a in the antibiotic resistance mechanism. The methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from clinical samples were identified using phenotypic and genotypic techniques. The highest frequency (60%, 18 out of 30) of MRSA was observed in wound specimens. Sequence variation analysis of the mecA gene showed four amino acid substitutions (i.e., E239K, E239R, G246E, and E447K). The E239R mutation was found to be novel. The protein-ligand docking results showed that the E239R mutation in the allosteric site of PBP2a induces conformational changes in the active site and, thus, hinders its interaction with cefoxitin. Therefore, the present report indicates that mutation in the allosteric site of PBP2a provides a more closed active site conformation than wide-type PBP2a and then causes the high-level resistance to cefoxitin.

scholarly journals Sex-Related Differences of Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis in Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 300
Author(s):  
Madeline Drake ◽  
Shah-Jahan M. Dodwad ◽  
Joy Davis ◽  
Lillian S. Kao ◽  
Yanna Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pancreatitis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Endoscopic Retrograde ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Type 1 Autoimmune Pancreatitis ◽  
Acute And Chronic Pancreatitis ◽  
Effective Prevention Strategies

The incidence of acute and chronic pancreatitis is increasing in the United States. Rates of acute pancreatitis (AP) are similar in both sexes, but chronic pancreatitis (CP) is more common in males. When stratified by etiology, women have higher rates of gallstone AP, while men have higher rates of alcohol- and tobacco-related AP and CP, hypercalcemic AP, hypertriglyceridemic AP, malignancy-related AP, and type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). No significant sex-related differences have been reported in medication-induced AP or type 2 AIP. Whether post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis is sex-associated remains controversial. Animal models have demonstrated sex-related differences in the rates of induction and severity of AP, CP, and AIP. Animal and human studies have suggested that a combination of risk factor profiles, as well as genes, may be responsible for the observed differences. More investigation into the sex-related differences of AP and CP is desired in order to improve clinical management by developing effective prevention strategies, diagnostics, and therapeutics.

Presence of Immune Evasion Cluster and Molecular Typing of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Food Handlers

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 682-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
LÍVIA G. BAPTISTÃO ◽  
NATHALIA C. C. SILVA ◽  
ERIKA C. R. BONSAGLIA ◽  
BRUNA F. ROSSI ◽  
IVANA G. CASTILHO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Food Handlers ◽  
Spa Typing ◽  
Typing Method ◽  
Spa Types ◽  
Immune Evasion Cluster

ABSTRACT The hands and noses of food handlers colonized by Staphylococcus aureus are an important source of food contamination in restaurants and food processing. Several virulence factors can be carried by mobile elements in strains of S. aureus, including the immune evasion cluster (IEC). This gene cluster improves the capacity of S. aureus to evade the human immune response. Many studies have reported the transmission of strains between animals and humans, such as farm workers that have close contact with livestock. However, there are few studies on the transmission between food and food handlers. The aim of this study was to detect the IEC and the mecA gene in strains isolated from food handlers and to type these strains using the spa typing method. Thirty-five strains of S. aureus isolated from the noses and hands of food handlers in three different kitchens were analyzed for the presence of the mecA gene and IEC and by spa typing. All strains were negative for the mecA gene, and the presence of IEC was observed in 10 (28.6%) strains. Fifteen different spa types were observed, with the most frequent being t127 (42.85%) and t002 (11.42%). Strains from the two most prevalent spa types and a novel spa type were typed by multilocus sequence typing. spa types t127, t002, and t13335 were determined to be multilocus sequence types (ST) ST-30, ST-5, and ST-45, respectively. The food handlers may have been contaminated by these strains of S. aureus through food, which is suggested by the low frequency of IEC and by ST that are observed more commonly in animals.

scholarly journals Mass Spectrometry and Multiplex Antigen Assays to Assess Microbial Quality and Toxin Production ofStaphylococcus aureusStrains Isolated from Clinical and Food Samples

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Attien ◽  
Haziz Sina ◽  
Wardi Moussaoui ◽  
Gaëlle Zimmermann-Meisse ◽  
Thomas Dadié ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meat Product ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Microbial Quality ◽  
Meat Samples ◽  
Panton Valentine Leukocidin

The aim of our study was to investigate the microbial quality of meat products and on some clinical samples in Abidjan focused onStaphylococcusgenus and the toxin production profile ofStaphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) isolated. Bacteria were collected from 240 samples of three meat products sold in Abidjan and 180 samples issued from clinical infections. The strains were identified by both microbiological and MALDI-TOF-MS methods. The susceptibility to antibiotics was determined by the disc diffusion method. The production of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin, LukE/D, and epidermolysins was screened using radial gel immunodiffusion. The production of staphylococcal enterotoxins and TSST-1 was screened by a Bio-Plex Assay. We observed that 96/240 of meat samples and 32/180 of clinical samples were contaminated byStaphylococcus. Eleven species were isolated from meats and 4 from clinical samples. Forty-twoS. aureusstrains were isolated from ours samples. Variability of resistance was observed for most of the tested antibiotics but none of the strains displays a resistance to imipenem and quinolones. We observed that 89% of clinicalS. aureuswere resistant to methicillin against 58% for those issued from meat products. AllS. aureusisolates issued from meat products produce epidermolysins whereas none of the clinical strains produced these toxins. The enterotoxins were variably produced by both clinical and meat product samples.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant and Virulence Determinants in Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-115
Author(s):  
Manjunath Chavadi ◽  
Rahul Narasanna ◽  
Ashajyothi Chavan ◽  
Ajay Kumar Oli ◽  
Chandrakanth Kelmani. R
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Virulence Determinants ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Alternative Medicines ◽  
Mrsa Strains

Introduction:Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) is the major threat that is a result of the uncontrolled use of antibiotics causing a huge loss in health, so understanding their prevalence is necessary as a public health measure.Objective:The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant MRSA and virulence determinant among associatedS. aureusfrom the clinical samples obtained from various hospital and health care centers of the Gulbarga region in India.Materials and Methods:All the collected samples were subjected for the screening ofS. aureusand were further characterized by conventional and molecular methods including their antibiotic profiling. Further, the response of methicillin antibiotic on cell morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy.Results:A total 126S. aureuswas isolated from the clinical samples which showed, 100% resistant to penicillin, 55.5% to oxacillin, 75.3% to ampicillin, 70.6% to streptomycin, 66.6% to gentamicin, 8.7% to vancomycin and 6.3% to teicoplanin. The selected MRSA strains were found to possessmecA(gene coding for penicillin-binding protein 2A) andfemA(factor essential for methicillin resistance)genetic determinants in their genome with virulence determinants such as Coagulase (coa) and the X region of the protein A (spa)gene. Further, the methicillin response in resistantS. aureusshowed to be enlarged and malformed on cell morphology.Conclusion:The molecular typing of clinical isolates ofS. aureusin this study was highly virulent and also resistant to methicillin; this will assist health professionals to control, exploration of alternative medicines and new approaches to combat Staphylococcal infections more efficiently by using targeted therapy.

scholarly journals A comparative characterization of nasal and clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from west of Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gholamreza Goudarzi ◽  
Yaser Hasanvand ◽  
Faranak Rezaei ◽  
Somayeh Delfani
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Significant Difference

Background and Objectives: Recently, the rise of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from hos- pital healthcare workers (HCWs) and various infectious samples has become one of the main concerns in hospital settings. Therefore, epidemiological studies are necessary to monitor antibiotic resistance patterns in each region and to study the pathogenesis of this strain to control infections. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 100 S. aureus isolates, including 50 isolates obtained from the anterior nares of healthcare workers, as well as 50 other isolates cultured from the various clinical specimens from the referral hospitals in Khorramabad (West of Iran) were tested. All isolates were examined to determine antibiotic resistance pattern, and the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (sea), staphylococcal enterotoxin B (seb) and mecA genes. Results: The mecA gene was found among 36% (18/50) of the clinical S. aureus isolates (CSIs) and 14% (7/50) of nasal S. aureus isolates (NSIs), with statistically significant difference (X2 = 6.53; p = 0.011). The difference between the frequency rate of sea gene among MRSA strains isolated from clinical specimens (46.6%, 7/15) was significant compared to strains isolated from nostrils (14.3%, 1/7) (X2 = 3.85; p = 0.049). Conclusion: The frequency of mecA, sea, and seb genes among the clinical samples was more than strains isolated from the nostrils of healthcare personnel.

Canakinumab for secondary prevention of coronary artery disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Ortega-Paz ◽  
Davide Capodanno ◽  
Dominick J Angiolillo
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Prevention ◽  
Outcome Study ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
New Era ◽  
Development Status ◽  
The Cantos ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Effective Prevention Strategies

Cardiovascular disease manifestations (CVD) are the world's leading cause of death, and their impact on morbidity requires effective prevention strategies of recurrent adverse events. For decades, inflammation has been proposed as a key promoter for atherosclerosis and its complications. However, studies on the use of drugs to target the excess inflammation in CVD are limited. In 2017, the Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcome Study (CANTOS) trial confirmed the key role of inflammation on atherosclerotic disease. Canakinumab is a monoclonal antibody that blocks an inflammatory pathway mediated by IL-1β. The results of the CANTOS trial opened a new era of investigating new therapeutics targeting inflammation for CVD secondary prevention. This review presents the canakinumab's pharmacology, current clinical development status and regulatory perspectives.

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