Old Slogans, New Dogmas

2020 ◽  
pp. 321-333
Author(s):  
Jared Warren
Keyword(s):  
Contemporary Philosophy ◽  
Logical Syntax ◽  
General Overview ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
In Virtue Of

This chapter steps back and provides a general overview. It begins by discussing how each of the classic conventionalist slogans (about truth in virtue of meaning, analyticity, tautologies, and more) fares in light of my conventionalist theory. Then the chapter discuses Carnap’s Logical Syntax-era theory of logic and mathematics in detail, before turning to Giannoni’s less well-known account in Conventionalism in Logic. Finally, the chapter briefly considers how it is that the rejection of conventionalism has turned into a new dogma, not just of empiricism, but of contemporary philosophy as a whole.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin E. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
General Overview ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Thought ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
In Virtue Of ◽  
Conceptual Relationship

This Introduction takes a broadly focused, global, and comparative view of the concept of embodiment, focusing particularly on some of the ways it has been interpreted outside of the history of European thought. It also provides a general overview of the central concerns and questions of the volume as a whole, such as: What is the historical and conceptual relationship between the idea of embodiment and the idea of subjecthood? Am I who I am principally in virtue of the fact that I have the body I have? Relatedly, what is the relationship of embodiment to being and to individuality? Is embodiment a necessary condition of being? Of being an individual? What are the theological dimensions of embodiment? To what extent has the concept of embodiment been deployed in the history of philosophy to contrast the created world with the state of existence enjoyed by God? What are the normative dimensions of theories of embodiment? To what extent is the problem of embodiment a distinctly western preoccupation?

scholarly journals A Novel Modelling Process in Chemistry: Merging Biological and Mathematical Perspectives to Develop Modelling Competences

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 611
Author(s):  
Vanessa Lang ◽  
Christine Eckert ◽  
Franziska Perels ◽  
Christopher W. M. Kay ◽  
Johann Seibert
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literacy ◽  
Chemistry Education ◽  
Appropriate Use ◽  
Chemistry Teachers ◽  
General Overview ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Modelling Competence ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Modelling Process ◽  
Use Of Models

Models are essential in science and therefore in scientific literacy. Therefore, pupils need to attain competency in the appropriate use of models. This so-called model–methodical competence distinguishes between model competence (the conceptual part) and modelling competence (the procedural part), wherefrom a definition follows a general overview of the concept of models in this article. Based on this, modelling processes enable the promotion of the modelling competence. In this context, two established approaches mainly applied in other disciplines (biology and mathematics) and a survey among chemistry teachers and employees of chemistry education departments (N = 98) form the starting point for developing a chemistry modelling process. The article concludes with a description of the developed modelling process, which by its design, provides an opportunity to develop students’ modelling competence.

Ayer, Alfred Jules (1910–89)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Vienna Circle ◽  
Free Action ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Logical Positivism ◽  
Sensory Experiences ◽  
Expression Of Emotion ◽  
Physical Objects ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Logical Notion ◽  
In Virtue Of

A.J. Ayer made his name as a philosopher with the publication of Language, Truth and Logic in 1936, a book which established him as the leading English representative of logical positivism, a doctrine put forward by a group of philosophers known as members of the Vienna Circle. The major thesis of logical positivism defended by Ayer was that all literally meaningful propositions were either analytic (true or false in virtue of the meaning of the proposition alone) or verifiable by experience. This, the verificationist theory of meaning, was used by Ayer to deny the literal significance of any metaphysical propositions, including those that affirmed or denied the existence of God. Statements about physical objects were said to be translatable into sentences about our sensory experiences (the doctrine known as phenomenalism). Ayer further claimed that the propositions of logic and mathematics were analytic truths and that there was no natural necessity, necessity being a purely logical notion. Finally the assertion of an ethical proposition, such as ‘Stealing is wrong’, was analysed as an expression of emotion or attitude to an action, in this case the expression of a negative attitude to the act of stealing. During the rest of his philosophical career Ayer remained faithful to most of these theses, but came to reject his early phenomenalism in favour of a sophisticated realism about physical objects. This still gives priority to our experiences, now called percepts, but the existence of physical objects is postulated to explain the coherence and consistency of our percepts. Ayer continued to deny that there were any natural necessities, analysing causation as consisting in law-like regularities. He used this analysis to defend a compatibilist position about free action, claiming that a free action is to be contrasted with one done under constraint or compulsion. Causation involves mere regularity, and so neither constrains nor compels.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Frederique Janssen-Lauret
Keyword(s):  
Set Theory ◽  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Contemporary Philosophy ◽  
Philosophy Of Time ◽  
Language History ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Nathan Salmon ◽  
Philosophy Of Set Theory

This introduction discusses the development of Quine’s system over time and the centrality of structure to it. It explains the contributions made in this volume to our understanding of Quine’s thought on structure and ontology, especially with respect to philosophical logic, philosophy of language, history of philosophy, mathematics, philosophy of time, and set theory. Chapters by Michael Resnik, Frederique Janssen-Lauret and Fraser MacBride, John Collins, Jaroslav Peregrin, and Paul Gregory explore whether Quine’s structuralism is epistemological, language-based, or ontological. Greg Frost-Arnold, Robert Sinclair, and Gary Kemp and Andrew Lugg explore Quine’s views on structure from a historical point of view. Nathan Salmón, Gila Sher, Marianna Antonutti Marfori, and Natalja Deng consider Quine’s views on the structure of logic, language, and theories in relation to contemporary philosophy, specifically ontology, the philosophy of logic and mathematics, philosophy of set theory, and philosophy of time.

scholarly journals Strategic management of science, technology and mathematics education (STME)

1999 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 140-147
Author(s):  
Martins Fabunmi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Mathematics Education ◽  
Strategic Management ◽  
General Overview ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Management Processes ◽  
And Mathematics

This paper provides a general overview of strategic management of science, technology and mathematics education (STME) in developing countries. It examines pow statements on science, technology and mathematics education (STME) and summarises management processes required for the strategic management of this form of education. The paper concludes with a number of recommendations for improving the quality of this form of education in developing countries.

Carnap, Rudolf (1891–1970)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Creath
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Vienna Circle ◽  
Correct Choice ◽  
Logical Empiricism ◽  
Modal Theory ◽  
Pure Logic ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
In Virtue Of ◽  
Working Out

Carnap was one of the most significant philosophers of the twentieth century, and made important contributions to logic, philosophy of science, semantics, modal theory and probability. Viewed as an enfant terrible when he achieved fame in the Vienna Circle in the 1930s, Carnap is more accurately seen as one who held together its widely varying viewpoints as a coherent movement. In the 1930s he developed a daring pragmatic conventionalism according to which many traditional philosophical disputes are viewed as the expression of different linguistic frameworks, not genuine disagreements. This distinction between a language (framework) and what can be said within it was central to Carnap’s philosophy, reconciling the apparently a priori domains such as logic and mathematics with a thoroughgoing empiricism: basic logical and mathematical commitments partially constitute the choice of language. There is no uniquely correct choice among alternative logics or foundations for mathematics; it is a question of practical expedience, not truth. Thereafter, the logic and mathematics may be taken as true in virtue of that language. The remaining substantive questions, those not settled by the language alone, should be addressed only by empirical means. There is no other source of news. Beyond pure logic and mathematics, Carnap’s approach recognized within the sciences commitments aptly called a priori – those not tested straightforwardly by observable evidence, but, rather, presupposed in the gathering and manipulation of evidence. This a priori, too, is relativized to a framework and thus comports well with empiricism. The appropriate attitude towards alternative frameworks would be tolerance, and the appropriate mode of philosophizing the patient task of explicating and working out in detail the consequences of adopting this or that framework. While Carnap worked at this tirelessly and remained tolerant of alternative frameworks, his tolerance was not much imitated nor were his principles well understood and adopted. By the time of his death, philosophers were widely rejecting what they saw as logical empiricism, though often both their arguments and the views offered as improvements had been pioneered by Carnap and his associates. By his centenary, however, there emerged a new and fuller understanding of his ideas and of their importance for twentieth-century philosophy.

scholarly journals Apriority and Essential Truth

Metaphysica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Tristan Grøtvedt Haze
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Epistemic Status ◽  
Empirical Knowledge ◽  
Recent Philosophy ◽  
Tight Connection ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
In Virtue Of

AbstractThere is a line of thought, neglected in recent philosophy, according to which a priori knowable truths such as those of logic and mathematics have their special epistemic status in virtue of a certain tight connection between their meaning and their truth. Historical associations notwithstanding, this view does not mandate any kind of problematic deflationism about meaning, modality or essence. On the contrary, we should be upfront about it being a highly debatable metaphysical idea, while nonetheless insisting that it be given due consideration. From this standpoint, I suggest that the Finean distinction between essence and modality allows us to refine the view. While liberal about meaning, modality and essence, the view is not without bite: it is reasonable to suppose that it is able to ward off philosophical confusions stemming from the undue assimilation of a priori to empirical knowledge.

scholarly journals Rejectivism and the Challenge of Pragmatic Contradictions

Disputatio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (43) ◽  
pp. 253-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Martin
Keyword(s):  
Speech Act ◽  
Philosophy Of Logic ◽  
Contemporary Philosophy ◽  
Logical Notion ◽  
In Virtue Of

Abstract Rejectivism is one of the most influential embodiments of pragmatism within contemporary philosophy of logic, advancing an explanation of the meaning of a logical notion, negation, in terms of the speech act of denial. This paper offers a challenge to rejectivism by proposing that in virtue of explaining negation in terms of denial, the rejectivist ought to be able to explain the concept of contradiction partially in terms of denial. It is argued that any failure to achieve this constitutes an explanatory failure on the part of rejectivism, and reasons are then provided to doubt that the challenge can be successfully met.

Drug-Induced Movement Disorders

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
Amy Lustig ◽  
Cesar Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Medical Management ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Extrapyramidal Symptoms ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
General Overview ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Broad Understanding ◽  
Underlying Disease Process

The purpose of this article is to present a general overview of the features of drug-induced movement disorders (DIMDs) comprised by Parkinsonism and extrapyramidal symptoms. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) who work with patients presenting with these issues must have a broad understanding of the underlying disease process. This article will provide a brief introduction to the neuropathophysiology of DIMDs, a discussion of the associated symptomatology, the pharmacology implicated in causing DIMDs, and the medical management approaches currently in use.

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