8½

2021 ◽  
pp. 139-154
Author(s):  
Joshua Landy
Keyword(s):  
No Value ◽  
Mental Capacity ◽  
Empirical Psychology ◽  
Fine Tune ◽  
The Ideal

What is the point of self-reflexivity? What is the value of artworks that, like Federico Fellini’s 8½, deliberately reveal their own fictionality? Some think reflexivity has no value at all, being just a symptom of modern skepticism; others that it is designed merely to inform us of something; a third group, more compellingly, that it does something for the writer, allowing her to take a distance from her own beliefs; and a fourth, even more interestingly, that it opens a space for pathos in an otherwise cynical world. Drawing on empirical psychology, this chapter suggests a fifth possibility: that reflexivity can help readers and viewers fine-tune a mental capacity, the capacity to hold two conflicting attitudes at the same time. It gives us practice at doubting what we believe and believing what we doubt, and by so doing it provides us with a cognitive workout, making us better at sustaining illusions we know to be false. What if the ideal is as much truth as one can stand, coupled with a handful of necessary illusions, at the same time as an awareness that they are exactly that? If so, we’d better start watching some movies like 8½.

scholarly journals ANALISIS UNJUK KERJA ZERO FORCING EQUALIZER PADA SISTEM OFDM MIMO

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
R. A. Prayitno ◽  
N.M.A.E.D. Wirastuti ◽  
I.G.A.K.D.D. Hartawan
Keyword(s):  
No Value ◽  
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ◽  
Mimo System ◽  
Multipath Propagation ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Ideal Point ◽  
Zero Forcing ◽  
Eye Diagram ◽  
Eye Pattern ◽  
The Ideal

Wireless network is one of the most important things in the development of telecommunication. However, the existing wireless technology has not been able to efficiently create a very high data rate because it was very sensitive to fading. Therefore, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technology combined with MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) transceiver system was used to gain more diversity and bandwidth efficiency. The propagation performed on the OFDM MIMO system was multipath propagation. To reduce Intersymbol Interference (ISI) was used Zero Forcing (ZF) equalizer which works by combining channel response and equalizer response itself to eliminate ISI. This study aims to determine the effect of Zero Forcing Equalizer on OFDM MIMO system using rayleigh fading channel and compared the result with OFDM MIMO STBC system. The research method used was simulation using MatLab R2015a. The simulation results showed that the performance of OFDM MIMO ZF system was worse than OFDM MIMO STBC system i.e BER vs EbNo simulation, eye diagram simulation, and constellation diagram simulation. The OFDM MIMO ZF system was required an Eb / No value more than 25 dB to achieve BER 10-4 while the OFDM MIMO STBC system only required an Eb / No value of 10.5 dB to achieve BER 10-4. The eye pattern generated by the OFDM MIMO ZF system was more closed and the dispersion of constellation signals away from the ideal point while OFDM MIMO STBC system displayed a more open eye pattern and the dispersion of its constellation signal closer to the ideal point. It indicated more ISI occurs in the OFDM MIMO ZF system than that in OFDM MIMO STBC system.

scholarly journals Electrification of a Milstein-type Catalyst for Alcohol Reformation

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niklas von Wolff ◽  
Damien Tocqueville ◽  
Esther Nubret ◽  
Marc Robert ◽  
David Milstein
Keyword(s):  
Organic Chemistry ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Increase Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Feedstock ◽  
Fine Tune ◽  
Oxidation Of Ethanol ◽  
The Ideal

Novel energy and atom efficiency processes will be keys to develop the sustainable chemical industry of the future. Electrification could play an important role, by allowing to fine-tune energy input and using the ideal redox agent: the electron. Here we demonstrate that a commercially available Milstein ruthenium cata-lyst (1) can be used to promote the electrochemical oxidation of ethanol to ethyl acetate and acetate, thus demonstrating the four electron oxidation under preparative conditions. Cyclic voltammetry and DFT-calculations are used to devise a possible catalytic cycle based on a thermal chemical step generating the key hydride intermediate. Successful electrification of Milstein-type catalysts opens pathway to use alcohols as renewable feedstock for the generation of esters and other key building blocks in organic chemistry, thus contributing to increase energy efficiency in organic redox chemistry.

Distilling the Essence of the Protocol: The Protocol Synopsis

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Tansey
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
No Value ◽  
Second Step ◽  
The Core ◽  
Successful Trial ◽  
Preparatory Phase ◽  
Full Protocol ◽  
Feasibility Testing ◽  
The Ideal

The main objective is to get the preparatory phase of the trial, especially protocol feasibility, up and running as rapidly and efficiently as possible. The protocol synopsis is the most important document for ensuring a successful trial. It comprises all the elements essential for planning and carrying out a clinical trial, and is quicker to write, easier to read, less likely to have inconsistencies, and much easier to modify than a full protocol. A protocol synopsis is usually between five and seven pages long, whereas a typical protocol can run from 60 pages (rarely fewer) to 100 pages (sometimes more). The synopsis is therefore the ideal document to use for all the early preparatory activities, as the full protocol adds no value for planning and operational purposes. A fairly typical protocol synopsis template is shown in the appendix at the end of this chapter. The first step is to get an approved draft protocol synopsis. This version of the synopsis should be as complete as possible in every respect, except for those changes that will need to be made as a result of feasibility testing. It is, in effect, the penultimate version of the core of the final protocol. It should go through as many iterations as needed until it reaches the stage at which it can be approved, pending feasibility. At this stage, all aspects relating to the objectives, design, endpoints, investigations, lab tests, and treatment and procedural schedules should be final; otherwise, doing feasibility is a waste of time. This chapter describes how to get to the approved draft protocol synopsis. There are then two more steps that will be described in detail in the following chapters. The second step is the approved protocol synopsis. The draft synopsis has been amended as needed to ensure optimal feasibility without diminishing the validity of the study and has been approved. At this stage, the protocol is, in effect, locked and ready to be implemented.

scholarly journals From Empirical Observation to Social Intervention: The Marxization of Psychology in China, 1949–1958

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-59
Author(s):  
Zhipeng Gao
Keyword(s):  
Mental Content ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Mental Capacity ◽  
Social Intervention ◽  
Intervention Model ◽  
Empirical Observation ◽  
Value Neutrality ◽  
Research Assumptions ◽  
The Ideal

This article examines the Marxization of psychology in the first decade of socialist China, between 1949 and 1958. In this movement, a loose group of radical intellectuals called for the replacement of the empirical observation model popular in psychology with a social intervention model as exemplified by educators. This paradigmatic, transdisciplinary shift would encompass three epistemological–ontological nexuses. First, the radical intellectuals accused ahistorical empirical observation of failing to recognize that the Chinese mental capacity, so far impaired by class domination, could display tremendous growth in socialism. Second, they criticized experimental and naturalistic contexts of observation for revealing the human mind to be mechanistic rather than purposeful. To recognize human agency, psychologists must transform their objectivist conceptualization of reality to a sociopolitical one. Third, they denounced the ideal of value neutrality for eschewing political engagement while permitting instrumental rationality and its hidden normative judgments. The solution lay in a refocusing on mental content instead of mental process as the object of inquiry. By examining the Marxization of psychology in socialist China, this article aims to foster reflection on how Chinese and Western psychologists’ research assumptions are shaped by their sociopolitical milieux.

Localization of Intracellular Antigens in thin Sections with Ferritin Labeled Antibody

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 174-175
Author(s):  
M.S. Shahrabadi ◽  
T. Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Antigenic Determinants ◽  
Conjugate Prior ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Specific Attachment ◽  
Intracellular Antigen ◽  
Antigen Antibody ◽  
Ideal Method ◽  
The Ideal

The technique of labeling of macromolecules with ferritin conjugated antibody has been successfully used for extracellular antigen by means of staining the specimen with conjugate prior to fixation and embedding. However, the ideal method to determine the location of intracellular antigen would be to do the antigen-antibody reaction in thin sections. This technique contains inherent problems such as the destruction of antigenic determinants during fixation or embedding and the non-specific attachment of conjugate to the embedding media. Certain embedding media such as polyampholytes (2) or cross-linked bovine serum albumin (3) have been introduced to overcome some of these problems.

Criteria and Methods for Reliable Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 330-331
Author(s):  
R. A. Crowther
Keyword(s):  
Image Reconstruction ◽  
Finite Number ◽  
Density Distribution ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Mathematical Problem ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ideal Case ◽  
Dimensional Image ◽  
General Object ◽  
The Ideal

The reconstruction of a three-dimensional image of a specimen from a set of electron micrographs reduces, under certain assumptions about the imaging process in the microscope, to the mathematical problem of reconstructing a density distribution from a set of its plane projections.In the absence of noise we can formulate a purely geometrical criterion, which, for a general object, fixes the resolution attainable from a given finite number of views in terms of the size of the object. For simplicity we take the ideal case of projections collected by a series of m equally spaced tilts about a single axis.

X-Ray Analysis of Frozen Hydrated Sections:The Unconventional Approach

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 754-757
Author(s):  
R. Beeuwkes ◽  
A. Saubermann ◽  
P. Echlin ◽  
S. Churchill
Keyword(s):  
Ratio Method ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Sample Handling ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Common Group ◽  
Ideal Method ◽  
Classic Paper ◽  
Physical Principles ◽  
The Ideal

Fifteen years ago, Hall described clearly the advantages of the thin section approach to biological x-ray microanalysis, and described clearly the ratio method for quantitive analysis in such preparations. In this now classic paper, he also made it clear that the ideal method of sample preparation would involve only freezing and sectioning at low temperature. Subsequently, Hall and his coworkers, as well as others, have applied themselves to the task of direct x-ray microanalysis of frozen sections. To achieve this goal, different methodological approachs have been developed as different groups sought solutions to a common group of technical problems. This report describes some of these problems and indicates the specific approaches and procedures developed by our group in order to overcome them. We acknowledge that the techniques evolved by our group are quite different from earlier approaches to cryomicrotomy and sample handling, hence the title of our paper. However, such departures from tradition have been based upon our attempt to apply basic physical principles to the processes involved. We feel we have demonstrated that such a break with tradition has valuable consequences.

High Resolution Study of Polytypism: Application to SiC and Au3 Mn

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 540-541
Author(s):  
G. Van Tendeloo ◽  
J. Van Landuyt ◽  
S. Amelinckx
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Stacking Sequence ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Powerful Technique ◽  
Resolution Study ◽  
The Ideal

Polytypism has been studied for a number of years and a wide variety of stacking sequences has been detected and analysed. SiC is the prototype material in this respect; see e.g. Electron microscopy under high resolution conditions when combined with x-ray measurements is a very powerful technique to elucidate the correct stacking sequence or to study polytype transformations and deviations from the ideal stacking sequence.

Possible applications of fraunhofer holography in high resolution electron microscopy

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 222-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Bonnet ◽  
M. Troyon ◽  
P. Gallion
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Transfer Function ◽  
Radiation Damage ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Field Region ◽  
Crystalline Materials ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
The Ideal

Two main problems in high resolution electron microscopy are first, the existence of gaps in the transfer function, and then the difficulty to find complex amplitude of the diffracted wawe from registered intensity. The solution of this second problem is in most cases only intended by the realization of several micrographs in different conditions (defocusing distance, illuminating angle, complementary objective apertures…) which can lead to severe problems of contamination or radiation damage for certain specimens.Fraunhofer holography can in principle solve both problems stated above (1,2). The microscope objective is strongly defocused (far-field region) so that the two diffracted beams do not interfere. The ideal transfer function after reconstruction is then unity and the twin image do not overlap on the reconstructed one.We show some applications of the method and results of preliminary tests.Possible application to the study of cavitiesSmall voids (or gas-filled bubbles) created by irradiation in crystalline materials can be observed near the Scherzer focus, but it is then difficult to extract other informations than the approximated size.

The DQE of an electron image recording system

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-101
Author(s):  
K.-H. Herrmann ◽  
D. Krahl ◽  
H.-P Rust
Keyword(s):  
Primary Electron ◽  
Ideal Case ◽  
Image Recording ◽  
Main Requirement ◽  
High Detection ◽  
Electron Image ◽  
Video Amplifier ◽  
Detection Quantum Efficiency ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
The Ideal

The high detection quantum efficiency (DQE) is the main requirement for an imagerecording system used in electron microscopy of radiation-sensitive specimens. An electronic TV system of the type shown in Fig. 1 fulfills these conditions and can be used for either analog or digital image storage and processing [1], Several sources of noise may reduce the DQE, and therefore a careful selection of various elements is imperative.The noise of target and of video amplifier can be neglected when the converter stages produce sufficient target electrons per incident primary electron. The required gain depends on the type of the tube and also on the type of the signal processing chosen. For EBS tubes, for example, it exceeds 10. The ideal case, in which all impinging electrons create uniform charge peaks at the target, is not obtainable for several reasons, and these will be discussed as they relate to a system with a scintillator, fiber-optic and photo-cathode combination as the first stage.

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