Discourse and Discipline

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-19
Author(s):  
Keith Tribe
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Economic Knowledge ◽  
International Context ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Student Demand ◽  
New Location

This chapter advances the claim that to understand the development of economic knowledge from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century, one needs to understand the new location that this knowledge found: the modern university. Broad questions of ‘education and economy’ in industrialising societies are raised and placed in an international context. Following on from this, existing work on the ‘institutionalisation’ of economics is reviewed, emphasising the need for detailed knowledge of institutional structures—what was taught, how it was taught, the sources of student demand, and the attitude of employers—if we are to adequately capture the dynamics of an emerging discipline.

scholarly journals Multiple-shift schooling: international context and the brazilian case

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (32) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Cláudia da Mota Darós Parente
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Educational Policies ◽  
Full Time ◽  
International Context ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
School Day ◽  
Extended School Day ◽  
Brazilian Case

The article systematizes the main concepts, arguments and characteristics of multipleshift schooling in the international context and in Brazil, through bibliographic and documentalresearch. The presentation of the specificities of the multiple-shift schooling in different countries provided elements for the analysis of the Brazilian case. The article highlights the emergence of multiple-shift schooling in the early twentieth century, its widespread nationwide, the emergence of experiences of extended school day, the naturalization of the multiple-shift schooling in the country, the diversity of shifts, school day and schedules and the recent goal of full-time education. Expanding the provision of full-time education does not necessarily mean eliminating multiple-shift schooling. There are still numerous challenges for public schools (half-day or fullday). Analysis of school day and full-time education associated with multiple-shift schooling may bring new perspectives to the formulation and implementation of educational policies.

Unmaking Democratic Europe

2020 ◽  
pp. 294-312
Author(s):  
Martin Conway
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
European Union ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Global Capitalism ◽  
The Other ◽  
Democratic Politics ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Post War ◽  
First Time

This concluding chapter describes how the Europe of the 1990s was for the first time in its history both united and democratic. But the sudden turning point of 1989 lacked something of the global significance of the other European post-war moments of the twentieth century in 1918 and 1945. Europe no longer stood at the centre of its own history, as demonstrated by the ineffective response of the European Union to the violent disintegration of Yugoslavia during the 1990s, and by the divisions that emerged among European states during the American-led wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. In economic terms, too, the ascendancy of a new global capitalism obliged Europe to accept the economic weather generated by more distant or universal forces. In addition, however, Europe had lost confidence in the democratic model that it had developed and, to a large degree, patented. The more fractured and fluid politics that had emerged in Europe by the end of the twentieth century might be more appropriately described as post-democracy: a politics still conducted through the language and institutional structures of democracy, but which lacked much of the former substance of democratic politics.

India's Physics and Chemistry Nobel Prize nominators and nominees in colonial and international context

2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajinder Singh
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Third World ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
International Context ◽  
Nobel Prizes

In India the development of modern science is closely related to its colonial background, a subject well documented by historians. So far as the prestigious Nobel Prizes are concerned, little has been mentioned in the colonial context. This article shows that in the first half of the twentieth century only a few Indian physicists and chemists were either nominees or nominators. Some of them were Fellows of the Royal Society. A comparison of Indian Nobel Prize nominators and nominees with other so-called Third World countries and colonies suggests some interesting results, for example the similarities of development of physics and chemistry in the colonized and ruling countries. The present article also suggests that the election of the Fellows of the Royal Society from India, in the fields of physics and chemistry, reveals a pattern comparable with that of Nobel Prize nominations and nominees.

Analysing major recessions: an analytical summary of a new study of large recessions in the twentieth century

1999 ◽  
Vol 167 ◽  
pp. 70-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Dow
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
International Context ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Do So

The book just published is a study of the five major recessions since 1920, and seeks to establish their causes. It focuses on the UK, but sets events there in their international context, and makes frequent comparisons with other countries. It concentrates on the major recessions not only because the effects are greater, but because behaviour in big and small recessions differ; and appears to be the first study to do so.

Lethal in Two Languages

2020 ◽  
pp. 185-203
Author(s):  
Louis de Paor
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Flann O'brien ◽  
Irish Language ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Economic Injustice ◽  
Experimental Prose ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Formal Experiment ◽  
European Modernism

This chapter explores the parallels and disjunctions between Máirtín Ó Cadhain and Flann O’Brien, with particular reference to the extent to which formal experiment in both writers owes as much to the specific circumstances of Irish culture, politics, and language in the middle decades of the twentieth century as it does to European modernism and postmodernism. The chapter examines the centrality of both writers’ detailed knowledge of the Irish language and its narrative traditions to their experimental prose fictions. The chapter argues that Ó Cadhain’s insight into lives blighted by economic injustice and bureaucratic tyranny has lost little of its political urgency in the half-century since his death, while Ó Nualláin’s work continues to deride a world in which absurdity insists on being taken seriously and the distortion of language is a defining attribute of power.

Peace through Law: Lessons from 1914

2021 ◽  
pp. 241-258
Author(s):  
B.S. Chimni
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
International Law ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Times ◽  
First World

The theme ‘peace through law’ has engaged the continued attention of states and international law scholars – and indeed for a much longer time than often assumed, as the chapters in Part III have shown. In the context of the First World War, the urgency of this project again became particularly clear. But despite the changes in the normative and institutional structures since the beginning of the twentieth century, wars are still with us. It is in this context that Bhupinder S. Chimni revisits the rich reflections of the times on the causes of the First World War and asks whether more international law could have prevented the war. The aim is to draw certain lessons for our times.

A WIN-WIN MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT: HOW INDIAN ECONOMICS REDEFINED UNIVERSAL DEVELOPMENT FROM AND AT THE MARGINS, 1870–1905

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Maria Bach
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Economic Knowledge ◽  
Development Discourse ◽  
Discursive Space ◽  
History Of Economics ◽  
The World ◽  
Elite Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Century Idea

In this article, I argue that looking at lesser known intellectuals can help the history of economics to uncover new ways of seeing the world. My focus is the beginnings of “Indian economics” and its conceptualization of development. The Indian economists, despite their elite status in India, were from an imperial context where they were never considered economists. Studies throughout the twentieth century continued to treat them only as nationalists, rarely as contributors to economic knowledge. My research gives agency to these economists. I show how the position of Indian economics from the margins of discursive space offered a unique perspective that enabled it to innovate at the margins of development discourse. Indian economics redefined the concept of universality in the existing nineteenth-century idea of development by rejecting the widely accepted comparative advantage model and assertion that progress originated in Europe. Moreover, the economists pushed for universal industrialization, even for imperial territories, arguing that universal progress was beneficial to all.

Naturalizing the market on the road to revisionism: Bruce Caldwell'sHayek's challengeand the challenge of Hayek interpretation

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
PHILIP MIROWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Road ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
On The Road

Abstract:Bruce Caldwell'sHayek's Challengeshould be welcomed as the first serious book on one of the most important thinkers of the twentieth century. However, this review begins by pointing out a number of curious omissions and silences concerning Hayek's career in the book. We propose that the key to understanding the turns and reversals in his thought lay in his politics, and not as Caldwell has it, in some abstract philosophical doctrines. Central to that thesis is Hayek's fostering the development of Neoliberalism through such institutional structures as the Mont Pèlerin Society.

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