BRAGGING AS ONE OF THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF HIP-HOP DISCOURSE

Statement of the problem. The subculture of hip-hop was formed among the African-American population of the United States during a period of poor socio-economic situation. These conditions for the development of hip-hop build a system of values and knowledge, which acts as the foundation of the discursive space of hip-hop. Hip-hop discourse unfolds around the basic concepts of racism, violence and bragging. The concept of bragging is based on the consequences of living conditions in the segregated society of the United States, when African Americans did not have the opportunity to possess certain goods which are available to the white population. After the restrictions having been lifted, high-priced goods have become an element of hip-hop discourse participants’ system of values. The purpose of the article is to identify and systematize the linguistic means of representing the concept of bragging as one of the basic concepts of hip-hop discourse. The methodology of the research is the analysis and summary of works about the basic concepts on the basis of which the discourse is built. Research results. In the article the most common linguistic means of implementing the concept of bragging are identified. The analysis of the song texts of the hip-hop discourse shows that the studied concept is represented mainly through lexical means. Conclusions. The most common ways of representing the concept of bragging are the lexemes of the semantic fields “jewelry” and “financial well-being”. In addition, precedent names are important for the nomination of companies that produce high-value goods, which represent the attributes of success for the participants of the hip-hop discourse. The concept of bragging acts as a basic concept of hip-hop discourse and reflects the specifics of hip-hop discourse. It also determines the perception of the surrounding world by subculture participants.

The Different Types of Interaction of the Modus Category of Evidentiality with Authorization and Approximation in the Mass Media Discourse

The article deals with the specifics of interaction of evidentiality with the modus categories of authorization and approximation. The central aspect of the study is to identify the types of interaction of these categories in the mass media discourse. Evidentiality, initially considered as a grammatical category associated with the characterization of the source of information, reveals additional modus semantics within the framework of the linguosynergetic approach to the analysis of discourse. The study of the discursive space indicates that evidentiality unites three communicating subject zones the author's zone, the communication subject's zone, and the addressee's / reader's zone. Taking into account these zones in the course of updating the linguosynergetic method of discourse analysis helps to identify the specifics of polymodal evidential meanings and allows to form a synergetic evidential model, within which the features of synergetic coupling of evidentiality with authorization and approximation are considered. The author comes to the conclusion that these categories implement two possible types of interaction based on the interpenetration and complementarity of modus meanings in the discursive space of mass media. During the deployment of the evidential discourse context, the author refers to these principles to provide the necessary impact on the addressee / reader. The results of the study contribute to understanding the nature of the organization of messages of the subjects of communication and can be used to study the relationship of evidentiality with other modus categories.

Productive Manipulation as an Element of University Advertising Discourse: Pragma-Axiological Analysis

The article is devoted to the pragma-axiological and partial psycholinguistic analysis of advertising videos of US universities in order to identify the productive manipulative potential of modern advertising university discourse. The relevance of the study is due to both extralinguistically — the great demand for quality education in the modern world, and linguistically — by the study of the processes of productive speech manipulation as one of the fundamental components of quality communication. The novelty of the research is seen in a qualitatively new pragma-axiological approach to the study of discourse and the value component of the suggestive influence exerted by this discourse. The author’s method of conducting pragma-axiological and partial psycholinguistic analysis, used to identify the pragma-axiological charge of the discursive space and its manipulative potential is presented in the article. Particular attention is paid to the interdependence of the addressee’s value-evaluative attitudes, the lexical units-verbalizers of these attitudes, their pragma-axiological charge and the suggestive (productive manipulative) impact provided. The results of the frequency analysis of part-of-speech indicators and the coefficients of discourse emotivity that depend on them are presented. The results, gained in the framework of the pragma-axiological analysis, are confirmed by the coefficients of the emotiveness of the discourse under study, obtained in the course of a partial psycholinguistic analysis. The key axiological components of productive speech manipulation in the modern advertising university discourse of US universities are presented.

Legal Media Discourse: Boundaries, Structure, Categories

The paper considers legal media discourse as a discursive format that arose as a result of the interaction of legal discourse and media discourse. The research is aimed at defining the boundaries, structure and categories of legal media discourse. The material of the research are texts of legal media discourse including analytical articles on legal issues, regulatory legal acts, news materials and other genres implemented within the boundaries of the discursive format under study. The research applies methods of scientific description (systematization and interpretation), discursive analysis, as well as the simulation method. The paper provides an overview of research in the field of legal discourse and media discourse, which helps to get closer to defining the boundaries of the format under study, which represents a promising direction for further research. As a result of the systematization of the theoretical and practical material, the boundaries and structure of legal media discourse are determined. It is established that the boundaries of legal media discourse, which is a hybrid discursive formation, lie within the intersection of legal discourse with media discourse. The resulting discursive space has a field structure (core, periphery) and represents a discourse format that concretizes two types of discourse (legal discourse and media discourse) and is represented in turn by different genres. The article gives the description of the categories of legal media discourse, which is based on the model proposed by V. I. Karasik. The paper reveals typical participants of communication, their possible presuppositions, sphere of functioning, chronotope, goals and strategies, genre organization. The author also discusses the issue of implementing the expressive function in legal media discourse through the use of colloquial and obscene lexemes.

A Voice Sweeter than Salt: Toyin Falola and the Construction of Subaltern Narrative Space

Gayatrl Spivak is arguably most recognized for her 1988 intervention in the dialogue of Subaltern Studies. It is within the intellectual rift of Spiva k's "Can the Subaltern Speak?" that I explore the narrative of Toyin Falola's memoir, A Mouth Sweeter than Salt. While Spivak concludes that the subaltern cannot speak be­cause of the subaltern's placement within existing knowledge production, Fa­lola's "Mouth" articulates a formation that says otherwise. Indeed, in A Mouth Sweeter than Salt, Falola's status In the subalternlty of a decolonlzlng Nigeria depicts a powerful subaltern voice with deep implications for knowledge, rep­resentation, authorial location, multifaceted identity paradox, and most of all, the tendrils of modernity. Fundamentally, this piece argues against Spivak by constructing a case for the relative authenticity of Falola's voice, despite its incorporation into Western intellectualism. Spivak claims that the subaltern cannot speak so long as the Western academy can only relate to the other within its own investigative par­adigm of the non-Western object. Here, I frame A Mouth Sweeter than Salt, not as a Western co-opting of an indigenous voice, but rather, as an invitation to explore Falola's memoir from the position of the non-Western subject. The work also allows us to move beyond the categories of the Western and non-Western subject to seriously engage the paradox of postcolonial existence. In granting credence to the idea of identity paradox, a close analysis of A Mouth Sweeter than Salt reveals the complexities of African subaltern voice and its dialectic with the forces of modernity. While Spivak might argue that this formulation is tainted by the motives of the West, such an interpretation of Fa­lola's memoir also builds ground to discuss alternatives to the Western archive in the development of African intellectualism. Falola's memoir stands as a tes­tament to the legitimization of oral history, micro-historical storytelling, and the disintegration of Western disciplinary divisions between history, literature, sociology, philosophy, and a host of other imported intellectual categories. By outlining the critical duality of Falola's act of subaltern speech, I hope to build a realm in which the African intellectual voice is not artificially segmented from the historical influence of modernity, but can also open discursive space to stand on its own ground.

National Identity and the Associative-Verbal Network: on a Hypothesis of Yu.N. Karaulov

The article presents the results of the study dedicated to native speakers sites of memory associated with key images of the Russian national culture. The investigation was inspired by the work of French historians Les lieus de mmoire (1984), whose ideas Yuri Nikolayevich Karaulov applied to the Russian Associative Dictionary (RAD). The study was initiated with the hypothesis elaborated by Yu. N. Karaulov that the Russian national memory could be studied through associative dictionaries. This provision is based on the linguistic personality concept formulated by Yu. N. Karaulov that is regarded as a personality expressed in a language / text and can be reconstructed on the basis of linguistic means. The texts that a language personality produces reflect the peculiarities of a persons vision of the environment (worldview). The hypothesis is tested on associative fields of the toponym Moscow and the lexemes war and Sunday using the data of several associative dictionaries compiled from 1988 to the current moment, i.e., the Russian Associative Dictionary, and Yu. N. Karaulov among the authors, as well as a number of later dictionaries developed on the basis of massive associative experiments carried out in the regions of Russia. The content and structural analyses of the associative fields of stimuli Moscow , war , and Sunday show that the associative material largely reflects the discursive space of the language personality and its functioning in texts that reproduce these sites of memory in a precedent form. The latter, however, can be found as various types of reactions (predications) of a non-stereotyped nature. Therefore, the sought-for data exist in different guises, obviously depending on the historical time and the discursive experience of native speakers of a language/culture, as well as on the region of their residence. This study confirms the psycholinguistic concept of meaning (including the associative one) as a sociocultural phenomenon.

LINGUISTIC PECULARITIES OF REALISATION OF PERSUASIVE STRATEGIES IN MOTIVATIONAL TED TALKS SPEECHES

The paper presents the analysis of linguistic means of realization of persuasive strategies in motivational Ted Talks speeches. Nowadays, the popularity of Ted Talks gradually increases due to the variety of meticulously organized speeches presented to the view of society since the moment of TED’s creation. Millions of people from all around the world visit the online TED platform daily in search of inspiration, motivation and knowledge from various spheres. The object of our scientific research is the persuasive strategies in motivational Ted Talks speeches. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to identify and study the mechanisms of verbal realization of persuasive strategies in rhetorical and media discourse, as persuasion in discourse is one of the current problems of modern linguistics. The subject of the research is verbal means of realization of persuasive strategies in the discursive space of Ted Talks speeches. In the research the following methods have been used: the methods of analysis and deduction; the method of pragmatic analysis, the method of contextual analysis, and the descriptive method. The data of the research has been withdrawn from the transcripts of motivational Ted Talks speeches. The scientific novelty of the results obtained is in singling out the peculiarities of persuasive strategies realization in Ted Talks media discourse and working out the typology of persuasive strategies. The study is based on the three persuasive strategies outlined by the principle of rhetoric: ethos, logos, and pathos. Together, they support efficient persuasion and present the tools to effectively connect with the audience; know their interests, prejudices and expectations. Ethos is a persuasive strategy that allows an orator to establish their authority to speak on the subject, logos is categorized as a tool for implementing a logical argument into the speech to prove its point and pathos is a speaker’s attempt to influence the audience emotionally. The results prove that all three of those rhetorical persuasive strategies are frequently used by Ted Talks presenters in their motivational speeches. The appeals to credibility, logic and emotions are the key features implemented in the discursive space of Ted Talks as the necessary elements of persuasion. Key words: persuasive strategies, ethos, pathos, logos, motivational speeches, Ted Talks.

Hashtag Wars: Twitter as a Discursive Space in the 'Battle of Narratives' between pro-Israelis and pro-Palestinians

<p>Traditional forms of media have played a significant role in narrating the military conflict between Israel and Palestine (Said; Aouragh 2; Elmasry). Most recently, the Israeli Defense Forces used their official Twitter account to launch the 2012 Operation Pillar of Cloud in Gaza. This thesis investigates the role played by Twitter in the ‘battle of narratives’ taking place between pro-Palestinian and pro-Israeli communities on 14th June, two days after the #BringBackOurBoys hashtag campaign was launched 2014 and 9th July 2014, a day after Operation Protective Edge commenced in Gaza. The thesis argues that Twitter as a microblogging platform acts as an ambivalent discursive protest space for the battle of narratives between pro-Israelis and pro-Palestinians. Drawing on a range of hashtag case studies, such as #BringBackOurBoys, #GazaUnderAttack and #IsraelUnderFire, the thesis offers a content analysis of 300 tweets in relation to emerging concepts in digital media studies. Pablo Gerbaudo’s articulation of ‘choreography of assembly’, for example, illustrates the role of social media in ‘setting the scene’ for protest while William Gamson and Andre Modigliani’s concept of ‘interpretive packages’ allows for an exploration of symbolic devices on Twitter such as metaphors, exemplars, injustice symbols and visual images. This thesis draws on these concepts to examine how Twitter’s affordances work ambivalently to highlight the victimisation of one side of the conflict while erasing the victimisation of the other.</p>

Hashtag Wars: Twitter as a Discursive Space in the 'Battle of Narratives' between pro-Israelis and pro-Palestinians

<p>Traditional forms of media have played a significant role in narrating the military conflict between Israel and Palestine (Said; Aouragh 2; Elmasry). Most recently, the Israeli Defense Forces used their official Twitter account to launch the 2012 Operation Pillar of Cloud in Gaza. This thesis investigates the role played by Twitter in the ‘battle of narratives’ taking place between pro-Palestinian and pro-Israeli communities on 14th June, two days after the #BringBackOurBoys hashtag campaign was launched 2014 and 9th July 2014, a day after Operation Protective Edge commenced in Gaza. The thesis argues that Twitter as a microblogging platform acts as an ambivalent discursive protest space for the battle of narratives between pro-Israelis and pro-Palestinians. Drawing on a range of hashtag case studies, such as #BringBackOurBoys, #GazaUnderAttack and #IsraelUnderFire, the thesis offers a content analysis of 300 tweets in relation to emerging concepts in digital media studies. Pablo Gerbaudo’s articulation of ‘choreography of assembly’, for example, illustrates the role of social media in ‘setting the scene’ for protest while William Gamson and Andre Modigliani’s concept of ‘interpretive packages’ allows for an exploration of symbolic devices on Twitter such as metaphors, exemplars, injustice symbols and visual images. This thesis draws on these concepts to examine how Twitter’s affordances work ambivalently to highlight the victimisation of one side of the conflict while erasing the victimisation of the other.</p>