In the Beginning, All the World Was America

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Onur Ulas Ince
Keyword(s):  
Natural Law ◽  
New World ◽  
Private Property ◽  
The State ◽  
Liberal Theory ◽  
Colonial Expansion ◽  
Tacit Consent ◽  
The World ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Colonial Capitalism

This chapter offers an analysis of John Locke’s theory of property in the context of Atlantic colonial capitalism. Breaking with interpretations that center on Locke’s theory of labor, the chapter identifies Locke’s theory of money as the linchpin of his liberal justification of English colonization in America. It brings into conversation the colonial interpretations of Locke with the earlier economic debates on the place of natural law, morality, and accumulation of capital in Locke’s theory of property. It argues that by predicating property and improvement on monetization, Locke construes the absence of monetization in America as the sign that the continent remains in the state of “natural common” open to nonconsensual appropriation. By invoking a fictive “universal tacit consent of mankind” as the origin of money, Locke bridges the gap between his liberal theory of private property and the illiberality of extralegal colonial expansion in the New World.

New World Orders

2020 ◽  
pp. 138-171
Author(s):  
Tobias Harper
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
New World ◽  
The State ◽  
Royal Family ◽  
Nationalist Movements ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
New States ◽  
Post War

This chapter focuses on the most immediate and visible change of the post-war era: decolonization and the slow disintegration of the underlying imperial structure of the honours system. In India and Pakistan nationalist movements agreed that the honours system was an undesirable relic of empire, even as British officials tried to make the new states keep it in 1947 in order to maintain connections and power in the subcontinent. The process of decolonization of honours was slower, more partial, and complex in other parts of the world, reflecting complicated balances between loyalty and pragmatism. At the same time, within Britain a wide variety of people—including members of the royal family, Colonial, Dominions, and Commonwealth Office officials, honours recipients, newspaper columnists, and politicians—criticized the growing incongruity of the name of the Order of the British Empire. However, the administrators of the honours system staunchly defended the growing anachronism. In order to make the honours system work for Britain, the state and the public had to forget that the Order of the British Empire was not just of, but for, the empire.

“A Trespass against the Whole Species”: Universal Crime and Sovereign Founding in John Locke’s Second Treatise of Government

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 560-585
Author(s):  
Sinja Graf
Keyword(s):  
Natural Law ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Normative Theory ◽  
The State ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Political ◽  
State Of Nature ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Creation

This essay theorizes how the enforcement of universal norms contributes to the solidification of sovereign rule. It does so by analyzing John Locke’s argument for the founding of the commonwealth as it emerges from his notion of universal crime in the Second Treatise of Government. Previous studies of punishment in the state of nature have not accounted for Locke’s notion of universal crime which pivots on the role of mankind as the subject of natural law. I argue that the dilemmas specific to enforcing the natural law against “trespasses against the whole species” drive the founding of sovereign government. Reconstructing Locke’s argument on private property in light of universal criminality, the essay shows how the introduction of money in the state of nature destabilizes the normative relationship between the self and humanity. Accordingly, the failures of enforcing the natural law require the partitioning of mankind into separate peoples under distinct sovereign governments. This analysis theorizes the creation of sovereign rule as part of the political productivity of Locke’s notion of universal crime and reflects on an explicitly political, rather than normative, theory of “humanity.”

WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP and ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A RELATIONAL EXPLORATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarika Singh ◽  
Alok Kumar Rai
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
New World ◽  
The State ◽  
General Notion ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Indian Women ◽  
Women Entrepreneurship ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Improvement

Growth has both financial and social dimensions and is partial without the improvement of women who constitute about fifty percent of the general populace. It miles a general notion that women as a mother, wife, daughter, daughter-in-law and as many more characters in their life have to bear numerous responsibilities of their families. Women have broken four walls around them build by their family members and society and enter into a new world where they have their own identity. Now women have started taking part in the construction of the new world, having more potential, possibilities and opportunities. Strengthening women entrepreneurs is an essence of achieving the non-stop and sustainable economic improvement of the country. By the time, the world comprehended that growth of any economy cannot reach its par without the energetic participation of the women in shaping the state. Women entrepreneurs face social, financial, organizational, mental and diverse other issues whilst running their venture. Aside from all the restrains, Indian women move onward and are cherished for their achievements of their respective area. The objective of this paper is to become aware of the problems and difficulties that women face in the direction of their entrepreneurship.

scholarly journals Achievements IN the world Hydrogeology in EARLY XXI century

2015 ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
V. M. Matusevish ◽  
R. N. Abdrashitova
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
General Hydrogeology ◽  
The World ◽  
In The Beginning

In the article a review of the textbook «General Hydrogeology» by the prominent research hydrogeologist Shvartsev S.L. is presented. This textbook was published in 2012. The textbook can be considered an the achievement of the world hydrogeology in the beginning of the XXI century. The analysis of the textbook abstract theorems is accompa-nied by the author's reflections about the state of the hydrosphere in present time conditions.

From Humanity to Sovereignty

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-76
Author(s):  
Sinja Graf
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Private Property ◽  
The State ◽  
Agricultural Labor ◽  
State Of Nature

Chapter 2 analyzes Locke’s notion of a “trespass against the whole species” in the Second Treatise of Government. It reconstructs his argument for private property and political government through the lens of universal crime in a colonial context. Once humanity is stipulated as the earth’s stakeholder in the state of nature, the failure to enclose land via labor wastes the earth’s potential and instantiates an offense against mankind. Presenting the figure of the Native American as the quintessential universal criminal failing to perform agricultural labor as a dictate of natural law, Locke’s argument reveals an inclusionary Eurocentrism that includes non-European peoples insofar as they violate humanity’s supposedly universal norms. Furthermore, once the introduction of money enables accumulation without spoilage, those wasting the earth’s productivity become scarcely recognizable as universal criminals, and humanity as the natural law’s subject becomes destabilized. Founding separate peoples under sovereign government hence becomes necessary to recreate law-governed collective life.

ABOUT THE SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE KAZAKH-RUSSIAN TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN THE XIX CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (8(77)) ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
Akmaral Rashidkyzy Beisembayeva
Keyword(s):  
Social Transformation ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Private Property ◽  
World Market ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Property Market ◽  
Steppe Region ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Empire

Considering in close interconnection the development of the world economy and geopolitics of this period, we see new objective needs for the development of the economic potential of Kazakh-Russian relations, social transformation, social movements and new functions of the state. In the 19th century, important changes began, both in the Russian Empire and in the Steppe region. Such basic features of capitalism as private property, market relations, profit, competition, freedom of choice of economic decisions have become widespread. The scale of trends in historical development changed, which were determined by the internal laws of the system: the emerging world market, the world economy, changing functions of the state. The development of the international economy was spurred by the opening of new routes for trade, especially the Central Asian region, the redistribution of colonial territories, the need for resources and ever new and diverse industrial goods. External and internal markets of the steppe region and the Russian Empire became interdependent.

Red Tape and Gridlock

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa Katz
Keyword(s):  
Agenda Setting ◽  
Private Property ◽  
The State ◽  
Veto Power ◽  
Conceptual Argument ◽  
The World ◽  
Red Tape ◽  
Normative Argument ◽  
Use Of An Object

This paper concerns the role of property theory in explaining why so many people around the world control their assets informally, without recourse to the state. According to one influential view, owners and their assets are driven to the informal sector because of deficiencies in the form of ownership on offer in the formal sphere. Where too many people have the power to veto the optimal use of a resource, we have a form of ownership, an anticommons, that is deficient. But this account of informality proceeds from an overly capacious theory of ownership. On this view, an owner’s position is incomplete if she lacks the requisite inputs for a project that represents the optimal use of an object. Further, a person counts as an “owner,” albeit one locked in an anticommons, merely if she has the power to block the ends that others are able to achieve with an object. I argue that this view of ownership leaves us unable to see that owners are in a radically different position vis-à-vis other owners with the same authority over an object than they are vis-à-vis the state or other non-owners who may be in a position to block an owner’s valuable ends. The integrity of the concept of the anticommons is undermined if we define it in terms of veto-power over the ends for which a resource is optimally suited.In this paper, I situate the concept of the anticommons within a larger theory of ownership as agenda-setting authority. Seen this way, what is important about an anticommons is its effect on an owner’s means rather than her ends. Whereas owners of private property are never guaranteed the ability to achieve their ends, owners in an anticommons are not even guaranteed the ability to exercise their very means, their agenda-setting authority. From this revised and much narrower concept of the anticommons, what follows is that talk of “gridlock” in the formal sphere makes sense just as a normative argument about the best distribution of ownership and regulatory authority rather than a conceptual argument rooted in the idea of ownership.

scholarly journals IN THE BEGINNING WAS THE DEED ON THE ORIGIN OF PROPERTY AND SOCIETY IN ROUSSEAU AND KANT

1969 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro PINZANI
Keyword(s):  
Private Property ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Subject ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Wrong Interpretation ◽  
The Way

This paper aims at confronting the two different accounts given by Rousseau and Kant on the origin of private property. Firstly, I shall present briefly the context in which Rousseau tells his story of this event and regrets its consequences (I). Secondly, I shall present summarily the way in which Kant tells the same episode (II), in order to make two kinds of remarks: the first one refers to the legal subject emerging from the Doctrine of Right (III), while the second one refers to the wrong interpretation according to which Kant would justify the existence of the State with the necessity of guaranteeing private property. Against this interpretation, I shall try to show that, actually, in Kant the exeundum e statu naturali has a different theoretical and motivational basis (IV).

scholarly journals At War in Swaddling Clothes: Stirner’s Unique One as a Conative Existence

Conatus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Kostas Galanopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Modern Philosophy ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Society ◽  
The Core ◽  
Law Of Nature ◽  
The World ◽  
Newborn Child

In its simplest and primary sense, conatus is about self-preservation. It further involves the obligation, the duty, the imperative even, deriving from the Law of Nature for man to do whatever within his power to maintain his life. Even though this idea has been an old one, it was reintroduced in a more sophisticated form by modern philosophy as no longer a cruel necessity of life but ontologically tied to Reason and Natural law. It was with Hobbes that the idea of self-preservation was put at the core of his anthropological narration (with well known political connotations) and with Spinoza that conatus was delved into within his ontological universe. Regardless of their ontological starting points, both philosophers ended up eventually in a resolution with regard to that primary anthropological tension between individuals, whether this was a common legislator, the political society or the state. Somewhat radical at the beginning, Hobbes and Spinoza had to make some mitigations in order to arrive at a resolution. Yet, that was not Stirner’s case. On the contrary, Stirner’s opening ontological statement was rather too extreme and inconceivable even: it is also the newborn child that gets to war with the world and not only the other way around. It is the purpose of this paper to argue that this extreme trailhead leads the Stirnerian egoist to his fulfillment as the Unique One through ownership and that this agonistic tremendous striving constitutes the Stirnerian notion of conatus. That notion offers no resolution to the ontological animosity between individuals; on the contrary, that animosity is required as ontological precondition and prefiguration of conatus' conclusion as well.

16. Rousseau

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Boucher
Keyword(s):  
Social Contract ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Private Property ◽  
The State ◽  
Natural Rights ◽  
State Of Nature ◽  
Short Biography ◽  
Civic Virtues

This chapter examines Jean-Jacques Rousseau's political thought. It first provides a short biography of Rousseau before discussing varying interpretations of his ideas, suggesting that, because of his emphasis upon civic virtues and freedom as lack of an insidious form of dependence, the republican tradition best reflects Rousseau's concerns. It then considers Rousseau's distinctive contribution to the idea of the state of nature, noting that the springs of action in his state of nature are not reason are self-preservation and sympathy. It also explores Rousseau's views on private property, social contract, inequality, natural law and natural rights, democracy, religion, and censorship. The chapter concludes with an analysis of Rousseau's concern with freedom and dependence, and how the related issues of slavery and women were relevant for him.

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