Social Justice through Inclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca R. Jensenius
Keyword(s):  
Political Elite ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Quota System ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Combining Evidence ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Scheduled Castes ◽  
Archival Work ◽  
Depth Interviews

India has one of the most extensive quota systems in the world: the reserved seats for the Scheduled Castes (SCs, the former “untouchables”) in the country’s legislative assemblies. Combining evidence from quantitative datasets from the period 1969–2012, archival work, and in-depth interviews with politicians, civil servants, and voters across India, this book explores the long-term effects these quotas have had for the political elite and for the general population. It finds that the quotas have played an important role in reducing caste-based discrimination, particularly at the elite level. Contrary to what one might expect, this is not because the quota system has led to more group representation—SC politicians working specifically for SC interests—but because it has created and empowered a new SC elite who have gradually become integrated into mainstream politics. The findings and discussions have broader implications beyond the case of India. Policies such as quotas are often implemented with the explicit goal of changing society and are supported with arguments that assume various positive, long-term consequences. The nuanced discussions in this book shed light on how the quotas for SCs have shaped the incentives for politicians, parties, and voters, noting the trade-offs inherent in how such policies of group inclusion are designed.

SUMBER-SUMBER RESILIENSI PADA REMAJA AKHIR YANG MENGALAMI KEKERASAN DARI ORANGTUA PADA MASA KANAK-KANAK

Psibernetika ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Devina Calista ◽  
Garvin Garvin
Keyword(s):  
Late Adolescents ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Parental Affection ◽  
Resilience Factors ◽  
Childhood Violence ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews

<p><em>Child abuse by parents is common in households. The impact of violence on children will bring short-term effects and long-term effects that can be attributed to their various emotional, behavioral and social problems in the future; especially in late adolescence that will enter adulthood. Resilience factors increase the likelihood that adolescents who are victims of childhood violence recover from their past experiences</em><em>,</em><em> become more powerful individuals and have a better life. The purpose of this study was to determine the source of resilience in late adolescents who experienced violence from parents in their childhood. This research uses qualitative research methods with in-depth interviews as a method of data collection. The result shows that the three research participants have the aspects of "I Have", "I Am", and "I Can"; a participant has "I Can" aspects as a source of resilience, and one other subject has no source of resilience. The study concluded that parental affection and acceptance of the past experience have role to the three sources of resilience (I Have, I Am, and I Can)</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Keyword : </em></strong><em>Resilience, adolescence, violence, parents</em></p>

scholarly journals Issue evolution and partisan polarization in a European multiparty system: Elite and mass repositioning in Denmark 1968–2011

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 660-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Arndt
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Party Competition ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Cultural Issues ◽  
Partisan Polarization ◽  
Niche Parties ◽  
The Us ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Mainstream Party

Issue evolution is a well-established theoretical perspective in the analysis of long-term party competition and partisanship in the US. However, this perspective has rarely been used to analyze political elite effects on partisan polarization in European multiparty systems. Consequently, I apply the issue evolution perspective to polarization in a European multiparty system. I find an emergence of cultural issues in Denmark, where mass level polarization on cultural issues followed elite level polarization. Unlike two-party systems, niche parties drive issue evolution on the elite level, which is then followed by niche partisan polarization and, finally, mainstream party adaption. The findings illustrate the mechanisms of issue evolution in a European-style multiparty system and the role of niche parties.

scholarly journals Relative Mass of Brain- and Intestinal Tissue in Juvenile Brown Trout: No Long-Term Effects of Compensatory Growth; with Additional Notes on Emerging Sex-Differences

Fishes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Joacim Näslund
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Relative Mass ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Trade Offs

This study investigated whether compensatory growth causes long-term effects in relative brain- or intestine size in a wild, predominantly anadromous, population of brown trout (Salmo trutta). The subject fish belonged to two treatment groups; one group had undergone starvation and subsequent growth compensation, while the other were unrestricted controls. The main hypothesis that compensatory growth would negatively affect brain and intestinal size, as a consequence of growth trade-offs during the compensatory phase, could not be supported as no significant differences were detected between the treatment groups. Further exploratory analyses suggested that males and females started to diverge in both brain and intestine size at around 130 mm fork length, with females developing relatively smaller brains and larger intestines. The size at which the differences appear is a typical size for smoltification (saltwater preadaptation), and females tend to smoltify to a higher proportion than males. Smoltification is known to cause a more elongated morphology and relatively smaller heads in salmonids, and the marine lifestyle is associated with rapid growth, which could require relatively larger intestines. Hence, these emerging sex differences could be a consequence of sex-biased smoltification rates. An investigation of wild smolts of both sexes indicated no differences in brain or intestine mass between male and female smolts.

EFFECTS OF UNTREATED AND CHEMICALLY DISPERSED OIL ON TROPICAL MARINE COMMUNITIES: A LONG-TERM FIELD EXPERIMENT

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 (1) ◽  
pp. 447-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Ballou ◽  
Stephen C. Hess ◽  
Richard E. Dodge ◽  
Anthony H. Knap ◽  
Thomas D. Sleeter
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Chemically Dispersed Oil ◽  
Term Field

ABSTRACT A multidisciplinary long-term field experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of chemical dispersants to reduce the adverse environmental effects of oil spills in nearshore, tropical waters. Three study sites, whose intertidal and subtidal components consisted of mangroves, seagrass beds, and coral reefs, were studied in detail before, during, and after exposure to untreated crude oil or chemically dispersed oil. This study simulated an unusually high (“worst case”) exposure level of dispersed oil and a moderate exposure level of untreated oil. The third site served as an untreated reference site. Assessments were made of the distribution and extent of contamination by hydrocarbons over time, and the short- and long-term effects on survival, abundance, and growth of the dominant flora and fauna of each habitat. The whole, untreated oil had severe, long-term effects on survival of mangroves and associated fauna, and relatively minor effects on seagrasses, corals, and associated organisms. Chemically dispersed oil caused declines in the abundance of corals, sea urchins, and other reef organisms, reduced coral growth rate in one species, and had minor or no effects on seagrasses and mangroves. Conclusions were drawn from these results on decision making for actual spills based on trade-offs between dispersing or not dispersing the oil. This report deals only with the major results of the study. A large number of parameters were monitored, but in the interest of brevity only the most important aspects of the study are reported here. A detailed description of the methods used and a complete presentation and discussion of results is given in Ballou et al.2

scholarly journals Trade-offs between the short- and long-term effects of residue quality on soil C and N dynamics

2010 ◽  
Vol 338 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 159-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Gentile ◽  
Bernard Vanlauwe ◽  
Pauline Chivenge ◽  
Johan Six
Keyword(s):  
Residue Quality ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
N Dynamics ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Soil C And N ◽  
C And N ◽  
C And N Dynamics

scholarly journals Farmworker and Farmer Perceptions of Farmworker Agricultural Chemical Exposure in North Carolina

1998 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Quandt ◽  
Thomas Arcury ◽  
Colin Austin ◽  
Rosa Saavedra
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Agricultural Chemicals ◽  
Reinforcing Factors ◽  
Seasonal Farmworkers ◽  
A Site ◽  
Depth Interviews

Agricultural chemicals pose health risks for farmworkers engaged in cultivating and harvesting crops. In a project to develop culturally appropriate interventions to reduce farmworker exposure to agricultural chemicals, formative research used in-depth interviews and focus groups to elicit beliefs and knowledge about exposure from farmers and migrant and seasonal farmworkers in North Carolina. Farmworkers were concerned about acute effects they attributed to exposure and had little knowledge of long-term effects of low-level exposure. They believe that some individuals are inherently more susceptibility to the health effects of exposure than others; most do not recognize the skin as a site of chemical absorption. They report instances of exposure that reflect the power relationships with farmers, indicating that lack of knowledge is not the only issue that must be addressed in an intervention. Farmers believe that farmworkers are not exposed to chemicals because they do not mix or apply chemicals. Such a belief is consistent with the training received by farmers. The PRECEDE-PROCEED planning model is used to identify predisposing and reinforcing factors on which an effective intervention should focus.

Occupational Therapy in the Reformed NHS: The Views of Therapists and Therapy Managers

1996 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 401-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn Pringle
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Community Care ◽  
Occupational Therapists ◽  
Support Networks ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Career Structure ◽  
Clinical Autonomy ◽  
Government Legislation ◽  
Depth Interviews

This article describes an exploratory study which considered the effect of the recent reforms of the National Health Service on the professional position of occupational therapists working within NHS trusts. The term ‘reforms’ refers to the overall Impact of Government legislation following the Influential Griffiths report of 1983, up to and including the NHS and Community Care Act 1990. In the absence of any other published empirical data on this subject, an exploratory study was carried out. Sixteen in-depth interviews were conducted over a 2-month period during the summer of 1995 (10 therapists, 6 managers). The sample was drawn from four separate trust sites in the South East of England. The findings suggest that clinical autonomy remains unchanged, although there are fears that it may be under threat in the future. Managerial autonomy appears to have been adversely affected by the loss of the district therapist posts. Managers were concerned about the long-term effects of fragmented services on supervision and support networks and the recognised problems associated with a flat career structure. Job satisfaction was still high among therapists. Both managers and therapists were, however, less secure in their jobs and felt that their morale had been affected by the recent changes.

scholarly journals Mired in Reservations: The Path-Dependent History of Electoral Quotas in India

2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca R. Jensenius
Keyword(s):  
Quota System ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Critical Junctures ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scheduled Castes ◽  
Path Dependent ◽  
Electoral Quotas ◽  
Dependent Processes

Since independence, India has had electoral quotas for Scheduled Castes (SCs, Dalits, “untouchables”). These quotas have been praised for empowering members of a deprived community, but have also been criticized for bringing to power SC politicians who are mere tools in the hands of the upper castes. Tracing the history of these quotas through four critical junctures, I show how a British attempt to strengthen their own control of India eventually resulted in one of the world's most extensive quota systems for minorities. The quota system was in the end a compromise between several political goals, and was not strongly supported by anyone. Also, while the quotas were designed to integrate SC politicians into mainstream politics, there was a subtle and gradual shift in the debate about them, to being about development for the SC community as such. This created a disjuncture between the design of the quota system and the expectation of what it would achieve. The case of quotas in India illustrates how policy choices often result from long path-dependent processes, how policy makers struggle with trade-offs when trying to design institutions, and also the power of expectations in shaping the perceptions of the outcomes of those institutions.

scholarly journals A Migration Project in Retrospect: The Case of the Ageing Zero Generation in Emirdağ

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-269
Author(s):  
Christiane Timmerman ◽  
Meia Walravens ◽  
Joris Michielsen ◽  
Nevriye Acar ◽  
Lore Van Praag
Keyword(s):  
Elderly People ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Family Culture ◽  
The Social ◽  
Zero Generation ◽  
Family Elders ◽  
Depth Interviews

In the twentieth century, Emirdağ (Turkey) witnessed extensive emigration and is now home to the ‘zero generation’: a group of elderly people who stayed behind when their children moved abroad. We investigate how these elderly people, with at least one child who left the country, evaluate their situation as they have grown older. Using fieldwork observations and in-depth interviews, we found that this group mainly associated the migration of their offspring with loneliness and exclusion from society, due to separation from their children and changes in the traditional family culture. The respondents clearly note a shift in the social position of family elders in Turkish culture, from highly respected to being ignored and looked down upon. While this change in status might be experienced by all elderly inhabitants of the region, feelings of distress were reinforced by an emerging discourse which suggests the migration project is a failed enterprise. The constraints their children experience in the immigrant country have led the zero generation to rely less on them and become more dependent on their own resources. Future research on ageing, migration and transnational care should focus on the different ways in which migration systems evolve, and the long-term effects on social inclusion of all generations.

scholarly journals Analysis of Milestones and Achievements to Increase Sustainability at Expo 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Ahmad Hakimzadeh ◽  
Daniel Marco-Stefan Kleber ◽  
Ana Stranjancevic
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
World Record ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
World Expo ◽  
Secondary Data Sources ◽  
Identification Analysis ◽  
Depth Interviews

Dubai, a city synonymous with multiple world-record breaking achievements in terms of architecture, rapid growth, and advancement in several fields. A definitive force in the region that aims to not only excel ahead of its neighbors, but lead amongst the world's best. The next ambitious project is hosting the World Expo 2020 that will utilize modern technology and design in daily transactions and innovative infrastructure to fuel the city's movements. There are many challenges and concerns that are immediately apparent when revisiting the long-term effects of previous World Expos through the years. The purpose of this scientific study is to identify and to anticipate these challenges while ideating possible solutions for them at the same point in time. The following methods were used for the research at hand: Identification, analysis and comparison of most relevant secondary data sources within the research areas of event and sustainability management. In addition, depth interviews with academics that are well-versed within the field of sustainability as well as with individuals working within Expo 2020 were conducted. The research presents an overview of key learnings from previous World Expos along with what additional novel and creative measures have been introduced in the blueprint for Expo 2020 and its future. The scope of this article is limited to an analysis of past mega events while external circumstances may vary in 2020 due to dynamic and fast changing external environments. Additionally, interview bias was reduced to a minimum but cannot be fully eliminated. 

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