The Organization of Nervous Systems

2019 ◽  
pp. 37-47
Author(s):  
Dale Purves
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
Receptor Cells ◽  
Neural Information ◽  
Cardiac Muscles ◽  
Emotion Memory

Nervous systems employ some or all of the senses to convert energy at the level of receptor cells into neural information. This conversion generates electrochemical signals carried centrally that, via a series of additional neurons, determine behavior. The most obvious behaviors are those mediated by skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands. But motor responses are members of a longer list that includes attention, perception, emotion, memory, thought, motivation, and others. How to describe these additional “systems,” and how to decipher what the relevant circuits do and how they do it, are unanswered questions. This chapter describes the main features of neural processing, asking whether the principle of neural function is simply to make associations that lead to useful behaviors.

scholarly journals A STUDY ON INFLUENCE OF CLASSICAL INDIAN DANCE PRACTICE ON CARDIO – RESPIRATORY WELL BEING

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 4643-4648
Author(s):  
Nisha Kumari ◽  
M Gautam Shetty
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cardiac Muscles ◽  
Classical Indian Dance ◽  
Breathing Mechanism ◽  
Internal Body

Dance is a Rhythmic form of exercise. It involves slow to intense kinetic footwork, swaying hand gestures and subtle eye - facial expressions. It activates skeletal muscles, stimulates functioning of smooth muscles and enhances the contractility of cardiac muscles. Along with this dance practice also alters breathing mechanism with reference to enhancement of vital capacity. Thus, dancing regularly helps the overall functionality of Cardio – Respiratory system which changes the individual’s wellbeing. The following study analyses the mode of action of dancing over the system of the internal body and explains the same with Physical and subjective parameters. Regular dancing helps an individual in betterment of functions of cardiac and respiratory system.

Brains as Engines of Association

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale Purves
Keyword(s):  
Neural Systems ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sensing Systems ◽  
Lifetime Experience ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
And Behavior

Brains as Engines of Association seeks an operating principle of the human brain and is divided into four parts. The first part (“What Nervous Systems Do for Animals”) is intended to set the stage for understanding the emergence of neural systems as promoting what all organisms must accomplish: survival and reproduction. The second part (“Neural Systems as Engines of Association”) lays out the general argument that biological sensing systems face a daunting problem: they cannot measure the parameters of the world in the way physical instruments can. As a result, nervous systems must make and update associations (synaptic connections) on the basis of empirical success or failure over both evolutionary and individual time. The third part (“Evidence that Neural Systems Operate Empirically”) reviews evidence accumulated over the past 20 years that supports this interpretation in vision and audition, the sensory systems that have been most studied from this or any other perspective. Finally, the fourth part (“Alternative Concepts of Neural Function”) considers the pros and cons of other interpretations of how brains operate. The overarching theme is that the nervous systems of humans and every other animal operate on the basis associations between stimuli and behavior made by trial and error over species and lifetime experience.

Enhanced Myotoxicity and Involvement of both Type I and II Fibers in Monensin-Tiamulin Toxicosis in Pigs

1985 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Umemura ◽  
A. Kawaminami ◽  
M. Goryo ◽  
C. Itakura
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Type I ◽  
Left Auricle ◽  
Simultaneous Administration ◽  
Cardiac Muscles ◽  
Histochemical Examination

Simultaneous administration of monensin and tiamulin to pigs resulted in enhanced myotoxicity. Skeletal muscles of tongue, diaphragm and legs were preferentially affected, whereas the masseter, longissimus thoracis and cardiac muscles, including the left auricle, were spared. Histochemical examination revealed an involvement of both type I and II fibers of skeletal muscles.

scholarly journals Architecture of the sarcomere matrix of skeletal muscle: immunoelectron microscopic evidence that suggests a set of parallel inextensible nebulin filaments anchored at the Z line.

1988 ◽  
Vol 107 (6) ◽  
pp. 2199-2212 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Wang ◽  
J Wright
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Psoas Muscle ◽  
Immunoblot Analysis ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Myosin Filaments ◽  
In Series

Nebulin, a giant myofibrillar protein (600-800 kD) that is abundant (3%) in the sarcomere of a wide range of skeletal muscles, has been proposed as a component of a cytoskeletal matrix that coexists with actin and myosin filaments within the sarcomere. Immunoblot analysis indicates that although polypeptides of similar size are present in cardiac and smooth muscles at low abundance, those proteins show no immunological cross-reactivity with skeletal muscle nebulin. Gel analysis reveals that nebulins in various skeletal muscles of rabbit belong to at least two classes of size variants. A monospecific antibody has been used to localize nebulin by immunoelectron microscopy in a mechanically split rabbit psoas muscle fiber preparation. Labeled split fibers exhibit six pairs of stripes of antibody-imparted transverse densities spaced at 0.1-1.0 micron from the Z line within each sarcomere. These epitopes maintain a fixed distance to the Z line irrespective of sarcomere length and do not exhibit the characteristic elastic stretch-response of titin epitopes within the I band domain. It is proposed that nebulin constitutes a set of inextensible filaments attached at one end to the Z line and that nebulin filaments are in parallel, and not in series, with titin filaments. Thus the skeletal muscle sarcomere may have two sets of nonactomyosin filaments: a set of I segment-linked nebulin filaments and a set of A segment-linked titin filaments. This four-filament sarcomere model raises the possibility that nebulin and titin might act as organizing templates and length-determining factors for actin and myosin respectively.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial apoptotic signaling is elevated in cardiac but not skeletal muscle in the obese Zucker rat and is reduced with aerobic exercise

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 1934-1943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Peterson ◽  
Randall W. Bryner ◽  
Amy Sindler ◽  
Jefferson C. Frisbee ◽  
Stephen E. Alway
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Zucker Rats ◽  
Mitochondrial Apoptosis ◽  
Apoptotic Signaling ◽  
Bax Protein ◽  
Cardiac Muscles ◽  
Cytosolic Cytochrome

Mitochondrial apoptosis and apoptotic signaling modulations by aerobic training were studied in cardiac and skeletal muscles of obese Zucker rats (OZR), a rodent model of metabolic syndrome. Comparisons were made between left ventricle, soleus, and gastrocnemius muscles from OZR ( n = 16) and aged-matched lean Zucker rats (LZR; n = 16) that were untrained ( n = 8) or aerobically trained on a treadmill for 9 wk ( n = 8). Cardiac Bcl-2 protein expression levels were ∼50% lower in the OZR compared with the LZR, with no difference in either of the skeletal muscles. Bax protein expression levels were similar in skeletal muscles of the OZR compared with the LZR. Furthermore, mitochondrial apoptotic signaling was not different in skeletal muscles of OZR and LZR groups. However, there was an approximate sevenfold increase in the Bax protein accumulation in the myocardial mitochondrial-rich protein fraction of the OZR compared with the LZR. Additionally, there was an increase in cytosolic cytochrome c released from the mitochondria, caspase-9 and caspase-3 activity, with a corresponding elevation in DNA fragmentation in the cardiac muscles of the OZR compared with the LZR. Exercise training reduced cardiac Bax protein levels, the mitochondrial localization of Bax, cytosolic cytochrome c, caspase activity, and DNA fragmentation in cardiac muscles of the OZR after exercise, with no change in the skeletal muscles. These data show that mitochondrial apoptosis is elevated in the cardiac but not skeletal muscles of the OZR, but aerobic exercise training was effective in reducing cardiac mitochondrial apoptotic signaling.

Dynamic Clamp Analyses of Cardiac, Endocrine, and Neural Function

Physiology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Marc Goaillard ◽  
Eve Marder
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Coupling ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Dynamic Clamp ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Synaptic Conductances

The dynamic clamp introduces artificial conductances into cells to simulate electrical coupling, votage-dependent, leak, and synaptic conductances. This review describes how the dynamic clamp has been used to address various questions in the cardiac, endocrine, and nervous systems.

Studies on Adenylate Cyclase – Cyclic AMP System of the Myopathic Hamster (UM-X7.1) Skeletal and Cardiac Muscles

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 1122-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. C. Harrow ◽  
J. N. Singh ◽  
G. Jasmin ◽  
N. S. Dhalla
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Cyclase Activity ◽  
Adenylate Cyclase Activity ◽  
Amp System ◽  
Cardiac Muscles ◽  
Muscle Homogenate

Cyclic AMP content, adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) activity and phosphodiesterase I (EC 3.1.4.1) activity of the hind leg skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle in 60- and 150-day-old normal and myopathic (UM-X7.1) hamsters were examined. In 60-day-old myopathic animals, cardiac cyclic AMP levels were higher and phosphodiesterase I activity was lower, without any changes in the basal adenylate cyclase activity, whereas in 150-day-old myopathic hamsters, cardiac cyclic AMP and basal adenylate cyclase activity were lower, without any changes in the homogenate phosphodiesterase I activity. On the other hand, basal adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase I activities in the skeletal muscle homogenate from 60- and 150-day-old myopathic animals were not different from the normal values but the skeletal muscle cyclic AMP levels were significantly less in 60-day-old myopathic hamsters only. The plasma cyclic AMP levels in 60-day-old myopathic hamsters, unlike 150-day-old myopathic animals, were higher than the normal. Although these results reveal differences in myopathic cardiac and skeletal muscles, it is concluded that changes in adenylate cyclase – cyclic AMP system in myopathy are dependent upon the degree of disease.

Dystrophy of the Diaphragmatic Muscles in Adult Meuse-Rhine-Yssel Cattle: Electromyographical and Histological Findings

1983 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A. Goedegebuure ◽  
W. Hartman ◽  
H.P. Hoebe
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Progressive Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Fiber Splitting ◽  
Fiber Size ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
Cardiac Muscles ◽  
Muscle Disorder ◽  
Electromyographic Investigation

Electromyographic investigation of diaphragmatic muscles of Meuse-Rhine-Yssel cattle revealed a significant decreased duration of action potentials, while the number of polyphasic potentials was increased in four of seven cows. Histologically, the diaphragmatic muscles in all cows were affected severely, as characterized by variation in size of individual fibers, abundant vacuolar and hyaline degeneration with occasional fragmentation and phagocytosis, fiber splitting, apparent increase in internal nuclei, vesicular nuclei, chains of central nuclei, absence of regeneration, and proliferation of endomysial and perimysial connective tissue. Core-like structures seemed to be a hallmark of the disease. The intercostal muscles in all cows had core-like structures and some variation in fiber size; degenerative lesions did occur, but were less severe than in diaphragmatic muscles. In other skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles, core-like structures were present predominantly, indicating a generalized muscle disorder. No lesions were detected in the peripheral or central nervous systems. The muscular alterations were classified as a progressive muscular dystrophy, with a suspicion of hereditary transmission. This dystrophy may be an important animal model.

scholarly journals Light and Electron Microscopic Changes in Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle of Sheep with Experimental Monensin Toxicosis

1983 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 590-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Confer ◽  
D. U. Reavis ◽  
R. J. Panciera
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Ultrastructural Change ◽  
Creatine Phosphokinase ◽  
Interstitial Fibrosis ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Serum Creatine Phosphokinase ◽  
Cardiac Muscles

Monensin toxicosis was induced in lambs by either a single oral dose of 12 mg/kg or six daily doses of 8 mg/kg. Clinical signs of toxicosis consisted of depression, dyspnea, stiffness of gait, reluctance to move, and recumbency. Serum creatine phosphokinase activity was increased. Samples of skeletal and cardiac muscle were obtained over a six-day period and examined by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopic changes in cardiac and skeletal muscles consisted initially of vacuolation and intracellular edema of muscle cells followed by segmental necrosis. Interstitial fibrosis was present on days 5 and 6 postexposure. Muscle fiber necrosis was more severe in skeletal than cardiac muscles and most severe in sheep given 8 mg/kg of monensin daily. Macrophages were seen only in areas of severe necrosis. The earliest ultrastructural change was severe swelling of mitochondria. Secondary changes consisted of lipid accumulation and myofibrillar alterations. Myoblast proliferation was present as early as four days after initial exposure to monensin.

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