Enhanced Myotoxicity and Involvement of both Type I and II Fibers in Monensin-Tiamulin Toxicosis in Pigs

1985 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Umemura ◽  
A. Kawaminami ◽  
M. Goryo ◽  
C. Itakura
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Type I ◽  
Left Auricle ◽  
Simultaneous Administration ◽  
Cardiac Muscles ◽  
Histochemical Examination

Simultaneous administration of monensin and tiamulin to pigs resulted in enhanced myotoxicity. Skeletal muscles of tongue, diaphragm and legs were preferentially affected, whereas the masseter, longissimus thoracis and cardiac muscles, including the left auricle, were spared. Histochemical examination revealed an involvement of both type I and II fibers of skeletal muscles.

scholarly journals Histochemical Characterisation and Gene Expression Analysis of Skeletal Muscles from Maremmana and Aubrac Steers Reared on Grazing and Feedlot Systems

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 656
Author(s):  
Giulia Foggi ◽  
Francesca Ciucci ◽  
Maria Conte ◽  
Laura Casarosa ◽  
Andrea Serra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Gene Expression Analysis ◽  
Type I ◽  
Triceps Brachii ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Muscle Properties ◽  
Voluntary Physical Activity

This study aimed to characterise the fibre composition of Triceps brachii (TB) and Semimembranosus (SM) muscles from 20 Maremmana (MA) and 20 Aubrac (AU) steers, and the effect of grazing activity in comparison with feedlot system. The histochemical method was performed with the m-ATPase method with an acid pre-incubation, thus allowing to distinguish type I, IIA, and IIB fibres. Additionally, on total RNA extracted from SM muscle, the expressions of atp1a1, mt-atp6, and capn1 genes were evaluated, in order to find potential associations with muscle fibre histochemical characteristics. In SM muscle, the MA steers had the greater frequency of oxidative fibres (type I and IIA) and the higher atp1a1 expression, in comparison to AU steers. Conversely, AU steers had a greater frequency of type IIB fibres, and the higher capn1 expression. A similar histochemical pattern was observed in TB muscle. The grazing activity was probably insufficient to determine differences both for fibre proportion and size, and gene expressions, except for mt-atp6 expression that was surprisingly highest in feedlot MA in comparison to other steers. These findings further the knowledge of muscle properties belonging to these breeds, and the effect of voluntary physical activity since few studies were available in this regard.

scholarly journals A Locomotor Disorder Clinically Similar to Spastic Paresis in an Adult Friesian Bull

1980 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bradley ◽  
W.V.S. Wueratne
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Type Ii Cell ◽  
Spastic Paresis ◽  
Flexor Digitorum ◽  
I Cells ◽  
Severe Type

A 5-year-old Friesian stud bull developed a progressive locomotor disorder on return to stud after a period of rest. He had defects in conformation exacerbated by poor condition. The hind limbs were excessively straight. When he stood or moved, the Achilles tendons and their associated muscles were rigid. The disorder clinically resembled spastic paresis of calves. Necropsy showed a degenerative arthropathy in all hind limb joints below the hip. Lesions were also in tendons and skeletal muscles. The M. flexor digitorum superficialis had severe type II cell atrophy with many ring. lobulated and moth-eaten type I cells.

Exercise increases the plasma membrane content of the Na+ -K+ pump and its mRNA in rat skeletal muscles

1996 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 699-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Tsakiridis ◽  
P. P. Wong ◽  
Z. Liu ◽  
C. D. Rodgers ◽  
M. Vranic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Subunit Mrna ◽  
White Type

Muscle fibers adapt to ionic challenges of exercise by increasing the plasma membrane Na+-K+ pump activity. Chronic exercise training has been shown to increase the total amount of Na+-K+ pumps present in skeletal muscle. However, the mechanism of adaptation of the Na+-K+ pump to an acute bout of exercise has not been determined, and it is not known whether it involves alterations in the content of plasma membrane pump subunits. Here we examine the effect of 1 h of treadmill running (20 m/min, 10% grade) on the subcellular distribution and expression of Na+-K+ pump subunits in rat skeletal muscles. Red type I and IIa (red-I/IIa) and white type IIa and IIb (white-IIa/IIb) hindlimb muscles from resting and exercised female Sprague-Dawley rats were removed for subcellular fractionation. By homogenization and gradient centrifugation, crude membranes and purified plasma membranes were isolated and subjected to gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting by using pump subunit-specific antibodies. Furthermore, mRNA was isolated from specific red type I (red-I) and white type IIb (white-IIb) muscles and subjected to Northern blotting by using subunit-specific probes. In both red-I/IIa and white-IIa/IIb muscles, exercise significantly raised the plasma membrane content of the alpha1-subunit of the pump by 64 +/- 24 and 55 +/- 22%, respectively (P < 0.05), and elevated the alpha2-polypeptide by 43 +/- 22 and 94 +/- 39%, respectively (P < 0.05). No significant effect of exercise could be detected on the amount of these subunits in an internal membrane fraction or in total membranes. In addition, exercise significantly increased the alpha1-subunit mRNA in red-I muscle (by 50 +/- 7%; P < 0.05) and the beta2-subunit mRNA in white-IIb muscles (by 64 +/- 19%; P < 0.01), but the alpha2- and beta1-mRNA levels were unaffected in this time period. We conclude that increased presence of alpha1- and alpha2-polypeptides at the plasma membrane and subsequent elevation of the alpha1- and beta2-subunit mRNAs may be mechanisms by which acute exercise regulates the Na+-K+ pump of skeletal muscle.

Beneficial effects of voluntary wheel running on the properties of dystrophic mouse muscle

1996 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 670-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hayes ◽  
D. A. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Voluntary Exercise ◽  
Mdx Mice ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Type I ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Force Output ◽  
Mouse Muscle ◽  
Beneficial Effects

Effects of voluntary exercise on the isometric contractile, fatigue, and histochemical properties of hindlimb dystrophic (mdx and 129ReJ dy/dy) skeletal muscles were investigated. Mice were allowed free access to a voluntary running wheel at 4 wk of age for a duration of 16 (mdx) or 5 (dy/dy) wk. Running performance of mdx mice (approximately 4 km/day at 1.6 km/h) was inferior to normal mice (approximately 6.5 km/day at 2.1 km/h). However, exercise improved the force output (approximately 15%) and the fatigue resistance of both C57BL/10 and mdx soleus muscles. These changes coincided with increased proportions of smaller type I fibers and decreased proportions of larger type IIa fibers in the mdx soleus. The extensor digitorum longus of mdx, but not of normal, mice also exhibited improved resistance to fatigue and conversion towards oxidative fiber types. The dy/dy animals were capable of exercising, yet ran significantly less than normal animals (approximately 0.5 km/day). Despite this, running increased the force output of the plantaris muscle (approximately 50%). Taken together, the results showed that exercise can have beneficial effects on dystrophic skeletal muscles.

The Organization of Nervous Systems

2019 ◽  
pp. 37-47
Author(s):  
Dale Purves
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
Receptor Cells ◽  
Neural Information ◽  
Cardiac Muscles ◽  
Emotion Memory

Nervous systems employ some or all of the senses to convert energy at the level of receptor cells into neural information. This conversion generates electrochemical signals carried centrally that, via a series of additional neurons, determine behavior. The most obvious behaviors are those mediated by skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands. But motor responses are members of a longer list that includes attention, perception, emotion, memory, thought, motivation, and others. How to describe these additional “systems,” and how to decipher what the relevant circuits do and how they do it, are unanswered questions. This chapter describes the main features of neural processing, asking whether the principle of neural function is simply to make associations that lead to useful behaviors.

scholarly journals Effects of mesenchymal stromal cells on motor function and collagen in the skeletal muscles of rats with type I diabetes

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 359-368
Author(s):  
Genoveva L. F. Luna ◽  
Thiago L. Russo ◽  
Maria A. Sabadine ◽  
Yisel C. Estrada‐Bonilla ◽  
Ana L. M. Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Function ◽  
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Type I Diabetes ◽  
Type I

Response of slow and fast muscle to hypothyroidism: maximal shortening velocity and myosin isoforms

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (1) ◽  
pp. C86-C94 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. J. Caiozzo ◽  
R. E. Herrick ◽  
K. M. Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Relative Content ◽  
Type I ◽  
Myosin Isoforms ◽  
Velocity Data ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Shortening Velocity ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Force Velocity ◽  
Fast Twitch

This study examined both the shortening velocity and myosin isoform distribution of slow- (soleus) and fast-twitch (plantaris) skeletal muscles under hypothyroid conditions. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of two groups: control (n = 7) or hypothyroid (n = 7). In both muscles, the relative contents of native slow myosin (SM) and type I myosin heavy chain (MHC) increased in response to the hypothyroid treatment. The effects were such that the hypothyroid soleus muscle expressed only the native SM and type I MHC isoforms while repressing native intermediate myosin and type IIA MHC. In the plantaris, the relative content of native SM and type I MHC isoforms increased from 5 to 13% and from 4 to 10% of the total myosin pool, respectively. Maximal shortening velocity of the soleus and plantaris as measured by the slack test decreased by 32 and 19%, respectively, in response to hypothyroidism. In contrast, maximal shortening velocity as estimated by force-velocity data decreased only in the soleus (-19%). No significant change was observed for the plantaris.

Elevated endothelial-cell-stimulating angiogenic factor activity in rodent glycolytic skeletal muscles

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Cooper ◽  
C. M. Taylor ◽  
J. J. Choo ◽  
J. B. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cell ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Extensor Digitorum Longus ◽  
Capillary Density ◽  
Extensor Digitorum ◽  
Angiogenic Factor ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Factor Activity ◽  
Angiogenic Activity

1. Capillary density is greater in skeletal muscles comprised of predominantly oxidative (type I) fibres than in those comprised of mainly glycolytic (type II) fibres. In order to investigate further the angiogenic mechanisms involved in muscle capillarization, endothelial-cellstimulating angiogenic factor activities in various rodent skeletal muscles were compared. 2. Eleven untrained adult male Wistar rats were killed and the predominantly oxidative (type I) muscles, soleus and heart, the predominantly glycolytic (type II) muscle, extensor digitorum longus, and the mixed-fibre muscle, gastrocnemius, were removed. Each sample was separately homogenized and centrifuged and the supernatants were diafiltered to isolate the low-molecular-mass fraction containing endothelial-cell-stimulating angiogenic activity. This was assayed for its ability to activate latent collagenase and was expressed as units, where 1 unit represents the percentage activation of the enzyme h−1 (mg of protein in the supernatant)−1. 3. The results (medians and ranges) demonstrated significantly greater endothelial-cell-stimulating angiogenic factor activity in extensor digitorum longus muscle (2.14 units, 0.62–2.87 units, n = 13) than in soleus (0.82 units, 0.59–1.79 units, n = 15), gastrocnemius (0.34 units, 0.28–0.40 units, n = 4) or heart (0.43 units, 0.16–0.52 units, n = 11) (P< 0.01 for each) muscle. 4. These findings suggest that endothelial-cell-stimulating angiogenic activity in muscle is either inversely or not related to the local capillary density, which may be at or near a maximum in physiologically contracting, predominantly oxidative muscles.

Functional differences in type-I fibres from two slow skeletal muscles of rabbit

2003 ◽  
Vol 446 (6) ◽  
pp. 752-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleg Andruchov ◽  
Olena Andruchova ◽  
Yishu Wang ◽  
Stefan Galler
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Type I ◽  
Functional Differences

scholarly journals Mitochondrial apoptotic signaling is elevated in cardiac but not skeletal muscle in the obese Zucker rat and is reduced with aerobic exercise

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 1934-1943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Peterson ◽  
Randall W. Bryner ◽  
Amy Sindler ◽  
Jefferson C. Frisbee ◽  
Stephen E. Alway
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Zucker Rats ◽  
Mitochondrial Apoptosis ◽  
Apoptotic Signaling ◽  
Bax Protein ◽  
Cardiac Muscles ◽  
Cytosolic Cytochrome

Mitochondrial apoptosis and apoptotic signaling modulations by aerobic training were studied in cardiac and skeletal muscles of obese Zucker rats (OZR), a rodent model of metabolic syndrome. Comparisons were made between left ventricle, soleus, and gastrocnemius muscles from OZR ( n = 16) and aged-matched lean Zucker rats (LZR; n = 16) that were untrained ( n = 8) or aerobically trained on a treadmill for 9 wk ( n = 8). Cardiac Bcl-2 protein expression levels were ∼50% lower in the OZR compared with the LZR, with no difference in either of the skeletal muscles. Bax protein expression levels were similar in skeletal muscles of the OZR compared with the LZR. Furthermore, mitochondrial apoptotic signaling was not different in skeletal muscles of OZR and LZR groups. However, there was an approximate sevenfold increase in the Bax protein accumulation in the myocardial mitochondrial-rich protein fraction of the OZR compared with the LZR. Additionally, there was an increase in cytosolic cytochrome c released from the mitochondria, caspase-9 and caspase-3 activity, with a corresponding elevation in DNA fragmentation in the cardiac muscles of the OZR compared with the LZR. Exercise training reduced cardiac Bax protein levels, the mitochondrial localization of Bax, cytosolic cytochrome c, caspase activity, and DNA fragmentation in cardiac muscles of the OZR after exercise, with no change in the skeletal muscles. These data show that mitochondrial apoptosis is elevated in the cardiac but not skeletal muscles of the OZR, but aerobic exercise training was effective in reducing cardiac mitochondrial apoptotic signaling.

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