Bridging the Divide

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
Yorghos Apostolopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Complex Systems ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Health Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Systems Science ◽  
Shared Understanding ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
The One ◽  
Complex Systems Science

This chapter contextualizes the volume and describes its organization. It begins by delving into the limitations of the prevailing reductionist paradigm in population health science and the need for a transition from a typically risk factor–based science to a science that recognizes the whole and relationships among parts of pressing population health problems. Next, it walks readers through distinctions between public and population health on the one hand and key concepts of complexity on the other, while offering a shared understanding of population health science and complex systems science. The chapter also lays out the design of and potential audiences for this book.

Harnessing Complex Systems

2020 ◽  
pp. 283-298
Author(s):  
Yorghos Apostolopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Knowledge Generation ◽  
Systems Science ◽  
Dynamic Complexity ◽  
Complex Problems ◽  
Complex Systems Science ◽  
Fundamental Shift

Many population health challenges have eluded scientists and policymakers for years because of misunderstanding of dynamic complexity. This chapter advocates an epistemological overhaul in population health science based on the premise that population health problems should be studied as complex systems because they operate as such. The proposed overhaul is predicated on the development of a new complex-systems-science–driven paradigm for a new population health science. It is founded on a fundamental shift in scientific thinking: from a quest for causes and accurate predictions to “control” problems, which inappropriate science and sheer uncontrollability of complex problems have curtailed, to knowledge generation, based on complex-systems-science–grounded theories and analytical methods to better understand, anticipate, curb, and manage health challenges, by way of harnessing their complexity. As both current and proposed epistemologies represent models of simpler and complex problems, respectively, appropriate use of each under the proposed paradigm can only strengthen population health science. These emerging ideas delve into the known as well as the possible and still unknown. Some ideas are grounded in long-standing scientific evidence, while others are of an emerging nature. Some are testable while others are partially tested, and still others remain untested “fantasies” about how to contend with intractable population health challenges.

How Complex Systems Science Can Revolutionize Population Health Theory

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-88
Author(s):  
Patricia Goodson
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Theory Building ◽  
Public Health Workforce ◽  
Systems Science ◽  
Complex Health Problems ◽  
Complex Systems Science ◽  
Health Theory ◽  
And Training

This chapter discusses whether and how complex systems science (CSS) can revolutionize population health theory. First, the chapter defines theory and the practice of theory-building (or theorizing); second, it outlines some of the difficulties found in current population health theorizing; lastly, it characterizes the mechanisms through which CSS can influence, change, and revolutionize current theorizing efforts. The chapter also describes two examples of scholars who used CSS to challenge currently held assumptions and reframe complex health problems. Lastly, the author addresses the implications—of adopting a CSS approach to theorizing—for practice, policy development, and training of the future public health workforce.

Complex Systems and Population Health

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Systems Science ◽  
University Professors ◽  
Complex Population ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Currently, population health science is an integral part of academic curricula around the world. For over a century, the principles of the reductionist paradigm have guided population health curricula, training, research, and action. Researchers continue to draw upon these principles when theorizing, conceptualizing, designing studies, analyzing, and devising interventions to tackle complex population health problems. However, unresolved impasses in delineating and managing pressing population health challenges have catalyzed calls for the integration of complex systems science–grounded theoretical, methodological, and analytical approaches into population health science. Mounting evidence denotes that a complex systems paradigm can bring about dramatic, multipronged changes for education and training and lead to innovative research, interventions, and policies. Despite the large and untapped promise of complex systems, the haphazard knowledge base from which academics, researchers, students, policymakers, and practitioners can draw has slowed their integration into the population health sciences. This volume fulfills this growing need by providing the knowledge base necessary to introduce a holistic complex systems paradigm in population health science. As such, it is the first comprehensive book in population health science that meaningfully integrates complex systems theory, methodology, modeling, computational simulation, and real-world applications, while incorporating current population health theoretical, methodological, and analytical perspectives. It is intended as a programmatic primer across a broad spectrum of population health stakeholders—from university professors and graduate students to researchers, policymakers, and practitioners. This book also aims to provoke long-overdue discourse on the need for updated new curricula in the population health sciences.

Mystical Theology and the Exegesis of Transfiguration in St. Maximus the Confessor

2019 ◽  
pp. 145-176
Author(s):  
Григорий Исаакович Беневич ◽  
Дмитрий Александрович Черноглазов
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Mystical Theology ◽  
The One ◽  
Maximus The Confessor

В статье рассматриваются толкования прп. Максимом Исповедником события Преображения Господня, которые сопоставляются с его учением о мистическом богословии. Доказывается, что Преображение созерцается прп. Максимом как своего рода «эйдос» или парадигма мистического богословия. Проводится сравнение некоторых ключевых понятий мистического богословия прп. Максима, с одной стороны, с «Ареопагитиками», а с другой - с учением свт. Григория Паламы. Сохраняя верность основным моментам учения «Ареопагитик», прп. Максим придаёт ему более отчетливое христологическое и опытно-антропологическое истолкование. Что касается учения свт. Григория Паламы, то, несмотря на некоторые отличия в терминологии (особенно понимания апофатики), экзегеза Преображения прп. Максима и его учение о мистическом богословии в целом могут быть согласованы с основными положениями Паламы. При этом необходимо помнить, что прп. Максим отвечал на иные вопросы, природа и характер восприятия Фаворского света не были в центре его внимания. The article discusses Maximus the Confessor’s interpretations of the Transfiguration of the Lord, which are compared to his doctrine of mystical theology. It proves that Transfiguration was contemplated by Maximus to be a kind of paradigm of mystical theology. A comparison of some key concepts of Maximus’s mystical theology is made, on the one hand, with that of the Corpus Areopagiticum, and on the other - with the teachings of St. Gregory Palamas. Remaining loyal to the main points of the teachings of the Areopagite, Maxim gave them a clearer Christological and experimental anthropological interpretation. As for the teachings of St. Gregory Palamas, despite some differences in terminology, (especially the understanding of apophaticism), Maximus’s exegesis of the Transfiguration and his doctrine of mystical theology as a whole can be reconciled with the main provisions of Palamas. At the same time, it is necessary to remember that Maximus answered other questions, the nature and character of the perception of the light of Thabor was not at the centre of his discussion.

scholarly journals The SMART Framework: Integration of Citizen Science, Community-Based Participatory Research, and Systems Science for Population Health Science in the Digital Age (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarun Reddy Katapally
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
Participatory Research ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Community Based Participatory Research ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Systems Science ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Science Community

UNSTRUCTURED Citizen science enables citizens to actively contribute to all aspects of the research process, from conceptualization and data collection, to knowledge translation and evaluation. Citizen science is gradually emerging as a pertinent approach in population health research. Given that citizen science has intrinsic links with community-based research, where participatory action drives the research agenda, these two approaches could be integrated to address complex population health issues. Community-based participatory research has a strong record of application across multiple disciplines and sectors to address health inequities. Citizen science can use the structure of community-based participatory research to take local approaches of problem solving to a global scale, because citizen science emerged through individual environmental activism that is not limited by geography. This synergy has significant implications for population health research if combined with systems science, which can offer theoretical and methodological strength to citizen science and community-based participatory research. Systems science applies a holistic perspective to understand the complex mechanisms underlying causal relationships within and between systems, as it goes beyond linear relationships by utilizing big data–driven advanced computational models. However, to truly integrate citizen science, community-based participatory research, and systems science, it is time to realize the power of ubiquitous digital tools, such as smartphones, for connecting us all and providing big data. Smartphones have the potential to not only create equity by providing a voice to disenfranchised citizens but smartphone-based apps also have the reach and power to source big data to inform policies. An imminent challenge in legitimizing citizen science is minimizing bias, which can be achieved by standardizing methods and enhancing data quality—a rigorous process that requires researchers to collaborate with citizen scientists utilizing the principles of community-based participatory research action. This study advances SMART, an evidence-based framework that integrates citizen science, community-based participatory research, and systems science through ubiquitous tools by addressing core challenges such as citizen engagement, data management, and internet inequity to legitimize this integration.

scholarly journals The emergence of consensus: a primer

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 172189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Baronchelli
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Complex Systems ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Systems Science ◽  
Social Consensus ◽  
Population Scale ◽  
Complex Systems Science

The origin of population-scale coordination has puzzled philosophers and scientists for centuries. Recently, game theory, evolutionary approaches and complex systems science have provided quantitative insights on the mechanisms of social consensus. However, the literature is vast and widely scattered across fields, making it hard for the single researcher to navigate it. This short review aims to provide a compact overview of the main dimensions over which the debate has unfolded and to discuss some representative examples. It focuses on those situations in which consensus emerges ‘spontaneously’ in the absence of centralized institutions and covers topics that include the macroscopic consequences of the different microscopic rules of behavioural contagion, the role of social networks and the mechanisms that prevent the formation of a consensus or alter it after it has emerged. Special attention is devoted to the recent wave of experiments on the emergence of consensus in social systems.

Complex Systems Science

2021 ◽  
pp. 243-256
Author(s):  
Matt Kasman ◽  
Nancy Breen ◽  
Ross A. Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
Systems Science ◽  
Complex Systems Science

9. An introduction to copyright

2019 ◽  
pp. 173-176
Author(s):  
Paul Torremans
Keyword(s):  
Literary Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
Printing Press ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
The One ◽  
Exclusive Right ◽  
First Time

This chapter first discusses the two roots of copyright. On the one hand, copyright began as an exclusive right to make copies—that is, to reproduce the work of an author. This entrepreneurial side of copyright is linked in with the invention of the printing press, which made it much easier to copy a literary work and, for the first time, permitted the entrepreneur to make multiple identical copies. On the other hand, it became vital to protect the author now that his or her work could be copied much more easily and in much higher numbers. The chapter then outlines the key concepts on which copyright is based.

scholarly journals 4115 Fostering a learning environment to train and support versatile scientists who integrate science into real world operations of complex, dynamic health and public health systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (s1) ◽  
pp. 132-132
Author(s):  
Tony Kuo ◽  
Moira Inkelas ◽  
Onyebuchi A. Arah ◽  
Vladimir G. Manuel
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Real World ◽  
Health Agency ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Systems Science ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Public Health Systems

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The UCLA Clinical and Translational Science Institute’s Population Health Program is creating versatile scientists who can solve population health problems. This means building learning capability in health care and public health agencies, and fostering a cross-sector, outcomes-based, regional ecosystem for implementation and improvement. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A synthesis of achievements and lessons learned reveals the Program’s trajectory. It maps progress in science leading to sustainable interventions for target populations. PHP goals are predicated on networked team science, rather than disorganized assortment of individual studies and interventions, and emphasize design, modeling and iteration. Evolving metrics include network analysis to document collaborative impact; extent of integrating real-world application into systems science and learning system curriculum; legislative and institutional policies developed and adopted; evidence of system orientation, cross-sector focus, and implementation research in scientists’ portfolios; and demonstration of population health impact. Barriers offer the opportunity for iteration and improvement. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The PHP has progressed in its envisioned shared university-public health stewardship of translation and transformation. Milestones included galvanizing activities such as annual regional dissemination, implementation, and improvement (DII) symposia and Public Health Science Summits; pre- and post-doctoral experiential learning of system science and learning system methods based in Los Angeles County Health Agency initiatives; development of a regional CTSA network for implementation science training; strengthened public health policy practice (e.g., establishing a new Office of Youth Diversion and Development); learning healthcare system capability; and prototypes of population learning systems focused on hypertension, food insecurity, tobacco/vaping, and complex care management. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: PHP is committed to advancing science for population health. Prototypes were an essential initial phase. New areas include use of methodological advances (e.g., artificial intelligence, rapid assessments) in health and public health systems; an academic home for full-time, population-focused clinicians; and social policy innovations.

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