Taking the “Best” from the West?

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-72
Author(s):  
Alan D. Roe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Peaceful Coexistence ◽  
The West ◽  
High Ranking

Under Nikita’s Khrushchev’s policy of “peaceful coexistence,” Soviet scientists started attending conferences of the International Union of the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) where they became more familiar with national parks. Meanwhile, the less repressive cultural environment emboldened many concerned environmentalists to make bold suggestions on how the state could improve its environmental protection practices. Some high-ranking officials, including Khrushchev, publicly stated that accessible tourism was one of the advantages of living in the USSR. In turn, environmentalists argued that national parks could help the USSR meet growing tourism demands in a way that minimized its environmental impact and promoted economic development. As tourism in the zapovedniki became an even bigger problem, several different groups conceived national parks that they hoped would take pressure off of them. They frequently invoked the success of national parks in the United States, even as the Communist Party took some more reactionary positions following Khrushchev’s ouster.

scholarly journals Present and future nitrogen deposition to national parks in the United States: critical load exceedances

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 9151-9178 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Ellis ◽  
D. J. Jacob ◽  
M. Payer ◽  
L. Zhang ◽  
C. D. Holmes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Critical Load ◽  
Nitrogen Deposition ◽  
National Parks ◽  
The United States ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
The West ◽  
Us National Parks

Abstract. National parks in the United States are protected areas wherein the natural habitat is to be conserved for future generations. Deposition of anthropogenic nitrogen (N) transported from areas of human activity (fuel combustion, agriculture) may affect these natural habitats if it exceeds an ecosystem-dependent critical load (CL). We quantify and interpret the deposition to Class I US national parks for present-day and future (2050) conditions using the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model with 1/2° × 2/3° horizontal resolution over North America. We estimate CL values in the range 2.5–5 kg N ha−1 yr−1 for the different parks with the goal of protecting the most sensitive ecosystem receptors. For present-day conditions, we find 24 out of 45 parks to be in CL exceedance and 14 more to be marginally so. Many of these are in remote areas of the West. Most (40–85%) of the deposition originates from NOx emissions (fuel combustion). We then project future changes in N deposition using the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) emission scenarios for 2050. These feature 52–73% declines in US NOx emissions relative to present but 19–50% increases in US ammonia (NH3) emissions. Nitrogen deposition at US national parks then becomes dominated by domestic NH3 emissions. While deposition decreases in the East relative to present, there is little progress in the West and increases in some regions. We find that 17–25 US national parks will have CL exceedances in 2050 based on the RCP scenarios. Even in total absence of anthropogenic NOx emissions, 14–18 parks would still have a CL exceedance. Returning all parks to N deposition below CL by 2050 will require at least a 55% decrease in anthropogenic NH3 emissions relative to RCP-projected 2050 levels.

scholarly journals China's “People's Diplomacy” and the Pugwash Conferences, 1957–1964

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-169
Author(s):  
Gordon Barrett
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Chinese Communist Party ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transnational Relations ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
The Cold War

Newly available archival sources in China illuminate how the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) used transnational initiatives to advance its aims. This article explores Chinese interaction with the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs from 1957 to 1964 and discusses how the People's Republic of China (PRC) made deliberate use of transnational initiatives to further its own Cold War strategy and foreign policy. High-ranking CCP officials were directly involved in selecting China's scientific participants, shaping their message, and determining their objectives at the conferences, including winning over potentially sympathetic foreign scientists, demonstrating Sino-Soviet solidarity and, in 1960, potentially establishing back-channel communications with the incoming Kennedy administration in the United States. Chinese scientists’ involvement in Pugwash shows that transnational relations mattered to the PRC during the Cold War and, more broadly, underscores the importance of governments in transnational relations.

scholarly journals Polish Peculiarities? Military Loyalty During the 1980-1981 Solidarity Crisis

1999 ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Elizabeth P. Coughlan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Trade Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Martial Law ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Military

On December 13, 1981, the Polish military under the leadership of Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski imposed martial law, effectively ending sixteen months of popular protest and bargaining between the Polish United Workers Party (PUWP) and the independent trade union Solidarity. In the West, and particularly in the United States, martial law was interpreted as the Polish military declaring war on its own people on the orders of the Soviet Union. It was assumed and repeatedly asserted that the military was loyal to the Communist Party and to the Soviet high command, that they were little more than communists in uniform.  Such an assertion, however, leaves one hard pressed to explain the acquiescence of the militaries across Eastern Europe to the changes of 1989 and the ability of those militaries to adapt to noncommunist regimes to the point of being willing and even eager to join NATO.

Japan Seen From Southeast Asia

Worldview ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Fumio Matsuo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Peaceful Coexistence ◽  
New Era ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Southeast Asian Countries

The main problem in Southeast Asia is economic development, a problem the United States and Japan are largely responsible for. Southeast Asia, the U.S., and Japan are all involved, therefore, in determining how to achieve economic viability in Southeast Asia—where a new era of peaceful coexistence has begun after decades of war.Leaders in Southeast Asian countries, including the Socialist states in Indochina, agree that the most pressing problem is how to overcoihe extreme hardships and difficulties in order to achieve economic and social development.

The Paradoxes of Peaceful Coexistence, 1956–1957

2018 ◽  
pp. 100-121
Author(s):  
Rósa Magnúsdóttir
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Peaceful Coexistence ◽  
Domestic Life ◽  
The West ◽  
The Soviet Union

Chapter 5 focuses on Soviet and American interactions from 1956 to 1957. It covers the domestic life of peaceful coexistence and reactions to American official propaganda in the Soviet Union, which were still dominated by fear and repressions. The paradoxes of peaceful coexistence are mostly noted in the continued opening to the West and the United States, while dealing with the consequences of these increased contacts. This is seen, for example, in how the diminishing focus on anti-Americanism went hand in hand with attempts to celebrate socialism, culminating with the Festival of Youth and Students held in Moscow in 1957. Also, this chapter covers the rather tame efforts of the Soviet Embassy in Washington, DC, to control images of the Soviet Union in America, where celebrating socialism was always an uphill battle.

scholarly journals Present and future nitrogen deposition to national parks in the United States: critical load exceedances

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9083-9095 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Ellis ◽  
D. J. Jacob ◽  
M. P. Sulprizio ◽  
L. Zhang ◽  
C. D. Holmes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Critical Load ◽  
Nitrogen Deposition ◽  
National Parks ◽  
The United States ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
The West ◽  
Us National Parks

Abstract. National parks in the United States are protected areas wherein the natural habitat is to be conserved for future generations. Deposition of anthropogenic nitrogen (N) transported from areas of human activity (fuel combustion, agriculture) may affect these natural habitats if it exceeds an ecosystem-dependent critical load (CL). We quantify and interpret the deposition to Class I US national parks for present-day and future (2050) conditions using the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model with 1/2° × 2/3° horizontal resolution over North America. We estimate CL values in the range 2.5–5 kg N ha−1 yr−1 for the different parks to protect the most sensitive ecosystem receptors. For present-day conditions, we find 24 out of 45 parks to be in CL exceedance and 14 more to be marginally so. Many of these are in remote areas of the West. Most (40–85%) of the deposition originates from NOx emissions (fuel combustion). We project future changes in N deposition using representative concentration pathway (RCP) anthropogenic emission scenarios for 2050. These feature 52–73% declines in US NOx emissions relative to present but 19–50% increases in US ammonia (NH3) emissions. Nitrogen deposition at US national parks then becomes dominated by domestic NH3 emissions. While deposition decreases in the East relative to present, there is little progress in the West and increases in some regions. We find that 17–25 US national parks will have CL exceedances in 2050 based on the RCP8.5 and RCP2.6 scenarios. Even in total absence of anthropogenic NOx emissions, 14–18 parks would still have a CL exceedance. Returning all parks to N deposition below CL by 2050 would require at least a 50% decrease in US anthropogenic NH3 emissions relative to RCP-projected 2050 levels.

Mafias on the Move

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Varese
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Market Expansion ◽  
The North ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
At Will

Organized crime is spreading like a global virus as mobs take advantage of open borders to establish local franchises at will. That at least is the fear, inspired by stories of Russian mobsters in New York, Chinese triads in London, and Italian mafias throughout the West. As this book explains, the truth is more complicated. The author has spent years researching mafia groups in Italy, Russia, the United States, and China, and argues that mafiosi often find themselves abroad against their will, rather than through a strategic plan to colonize new territories. Once there, they do not always succeed in establishing themselves. The book spells out the conditions that lead to their long-term success, namely sudden market expansion that is neither exploited by local rivals nor blocked by authorities. Ultimately the inability of the state to govern economic transformations gives mafias their opportunity. In a series of matched comparisons, the book charts the attempts of the Calabrese 'Ndrangheta to move to the north of Italy, and shows how the Sicilian mafia expanded to early twentieth-century New York, but failed around the same time to find a niche in Argentina. The book explains why the Russian mafia failed to penetrate Rome but succeeded in Hungary. A pioneering chapter on China examines the challenges that triads from Taiwan and Hong Kong find in branching out to the mainland. This book is both a compelling read and a sober assessment of the risks posed by globalization and immigration for the spread of mafias.

Anne O. Krueger, Constantine Michalopoulos and Vernon W. Ruttan. Aid and Development. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1989. xiv + 386 pp.Price: U.S. $ 52.00

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
Mir Annice Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
International Development ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Development Assistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Low Literacy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact

Foreign aid has been the subject of much examination and research ever since it entered the economic armamentarium approximately 45 years ago. This was the time when the Second World War had successfully ended for the Allies in the defeat of Germany and Japan. However, a new enemy, the Soviet Union, had materialized at the end of the conflict. To counter the threat from the East, the United States undertook the implementation of the Marshal Plan, which was extremely successful in rebuilding and revitalizing a shattered Western Europe. Aid had made its impact. The book under review is by three well-known economists and is the outcome of a study sponsored by the Department of State and the United States Agency for International Development. The major objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of assistance, i.e., aid, on economic development. This evaluation however, was to be based on the existing literature on the subject. The book has five major parts: Part One deals with development thought and development assistance; Part Two looks at the relationship between donors and recipients; Part Three evaluates the use of aid by sector; Part Four presents country case-studies; and Part Five synthesizes the lessons from development assistance. Part One of the book is very informative in that it summarises very concisely the theoretical underpinnings of the aid process. In the beginning, aid was thought to be the answer to underdevelopment which could be achieved by a transfer of capital from the rich to the poor. This approach, however, did not succeed as it was simplistic. Capital transfers were not sufficient in themselves to bring about development, as research in this area came to reveal. The development process is a complicated one, with inputs from all sectors of the economy. Thus, it came to be recognized that factors such as low literacy rates, poor health facilities, and lack of social infrastructure are also responsible for economic backwardness. Part One of the book, therefore, sums up appropriately the various trends in development thought. This is important because the book deals primarily with the issue of the effectiveness of aid as a catalyst to further economic development.

Comparative analysis of the trade policy of Barack Obama and Donald Trump

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-71
Author(s):  
V. Iordanova ◽  
A. Ananev
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Barack Obama ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Entire World

The authors of this scientific article conducted a comparative analysis of the trade policy of US presidents Barack Obama and Donald Trump. The article states that the tightening of trade policy by the current President is counterproductive and has a serious impact not only on the economic development of the United States, but also on the entire world economy as a whole.

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