Irregular Human Movement and the Creation of Liminal Spaces

Fully Human ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 101-126
Author(s):  
Lindsey N. Kingston
Keyword(s):  
Human Movement ◽  
Human Smuggling ◽  
Undocumented Migration ◽  
Irregular Migration ◽  
Liminal Spaces ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Law ◽  
Trafficking Victims

Various forms of illicit human movement leave many individuals without functioning citizenship, often because they are outside their country of legal nationality and cannot claim rights for fear of arrest, deportation, or some other form of retribution. These categories of migration include irregular migration—sometimes called “illegal” or “undocumented” migration—as well as those who, often as part of this process, cross borders via human smuggling or trafficking. Here we see definitional lines blurring; there are debates about who counts as a migrant versus a refugee, at what point smuggling becomes trafficking, and so forth. In some cases, lack of functioning citizenship is what necessitates migration in the first place. Yet these forms of illicit movement also create liminal spaces where migrants and trafficking victims exist outside the law, beyond the reach of functioning citizenship where they are dangerously vulnerable to rights abuses.

(Dis)solving the Chronological Paradox in Customary International Law: A Hartian Approach

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lefkowitz
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Resolution Function ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
International Legal System ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Law ◽  
Normative Standard

As traditionally conceived, the creation of a new rule of customary international law requires that states believe the law to already require the conduct specified in the rule. Distinguishing the process whereby a customary rule comes to exist from the process whereby that customary rule becomes law dissolves this chronological paradox. Creation of a customary rule requires only that states come to believe that there exists a normative standard to which they ought to adhere, not that this standard is law. What makes the customary rule law is adherence by officials in the international legal system to a rule of recognition that treats custom as a source of valid law. Confusion over this distinction arises because in the international legal system the same agents whose beliefs give rise to a customary rule are the legal officials whose adherence to the rule of recognition leads them to deem that rule legally valid. The proposed solution to the chronological paradox employs H.L.A. Hart’s analysis of the concepts of law and a legal system, and in particular, the idea of a rule of recognition. Yet Hart famously denies the existence of a rule of recognition for international law. Hart’s denial rests on a failure to distinguish between the ontological and authoritative resolution functions of a rule of recognition, however. Once such a distinction is drawn, it can be argued that customary international law rests on a rule of recognition that serves the ontological function of making customary norms legal, though not the authoritative resolution function of settling disputes over the alleged legality of particular norms.

IT in the Law

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-70
Author(s):  
Laurence W. Bebbington
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Named Entities ◽  
Publishing Program ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Law

Earlier in the year Context launched Link Studio, an e-publishing program that automates the creation of hypertext links within documents. It eliminates the need for manual editing. The program can identify bibliographic citations, named entities (e.g. companies, organisations) and pre-defined words and phrases, interprets the varying ways in which such data can be presented and uses the resulting information to locate the cited document. It then automatically converts the reference into a link to it. This can lead to much faster link creation within documents. It may be useful for users who have neither the time nor the inclination to increase the utility of documents by engaging in laborious manual editing and creation of links. Where information sharing, resource management and easy navigation between sources (using intranets, for example) is crucial such programs may be valuable. The technology is similar to Context's existing i-Link and it now works with Word 97 (and upwards) documents. See www.syntalex.com/solutions/acl_whatlink.html.

scholarly journals RIGHT OF ACCESS ON UNDERGROUND LAND DEVELOPMENT: GUIDANCE FROM SINGAPORE AND AUSTRALIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (21) ◽  
pp. 267-276
Author(s):  
Najah Inani Abdul Jalil ◽  
‘Ain Husna Mohd Arshad
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Land Development ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right Of Access ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Land Code

In 1990, the creation of underground land is created in the National Land Code. The scarcity of land especially in urban areas has pushed the traditional horizontal land development into vertical land development. Apart from transportation purposes, it is suitable for recreational, storage, and service utility purposes. Within this development, it attracts questions such as how to reconcile the right of surface and underground landowners as the law has allowed the ownership of underground land to be independent and separate from the surface owner. In governing the relationship between the surface and the underground landowners, the provision of access, support, and protection are regulated under the express condition in the document of title. This paper explores the concept of the right of support in Malaysia and the requirement for its application. This paper uses the doctrinal method where statutory provisions, cases, legal articles are examined. In discussing this topic, the practice in Singapore and Australia is compared, and it is suggested in regulating the relationship between surface and underground landowners, the creation of easement to be adopted with the compensation to be awarded to the burdened land.

scholarly journals Theoretical and Practical Significance of the Issue of Maritime Delimitation in the Law of the Sea

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bojana Lakićević-Đuranović
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
International Court Of Justice ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
International Court ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Law

This paper aims to show the significance of maritime delimitation in the Law of the Sea, as well as the contribution of international jurisprudence to the creation of the rules of maritime delimitation. The decisions of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the awards of arbitration tribunals are especially significant in the part of the Law of the Sea dealing with maritime delimitation. Based on the analysis of the principle of equity and the method of equidistance, the jurisprudence of the courts is shown to have established precedents and to have an irreplaceable role in the development of the international Law of the Sea, particularly in the segment of maritime delimitations.

scholarly journals La justicia penal militar colombiana y los principios procesales constitucionales de independencia e imparcialidad, después de la separación de la función de jurisdicción con la función de comando

Justicia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (26) ◽  
Author(s):  
Consuelo Amparo Henao Toro ◽  
Ingrid Regina Petro Gonz ◽  
Felipe Andrés Mar
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Military ◽  
Legal Training

El presente artículo analiza la Justicia Penal Militar colombiana, su origen y evolución desde la vigencia del Decreto 2550 de 1988, según el cual los miembros de la Fuerza Pública podían ejercer simultáneamente las funciones de comando con las funciones de jurisdicción, toda vez que quien juzgaba no se encontraba técnicamente habilitado para desarrollar esa función por carecer de formación jurídica profesional y debía depender de terceras personas para emitir sus fallos, situación que contrariaba los principios de independencia e imparcialidad. Posteriormente, con la creación de la Ley 522 de 1999, actual Código Penal Militar, esas funciones fueron separadas y prohibidas, lo que amerita analizar estos principios a la luz de esta normativa penal militar.   AbstractThis article analyzes the Penal Military Colombian Justice system, its origin and evolution from the enforcement of Decree 2550 of 1988 according to which members of the security forces could exercise the functions of command simultaneously with the functions of jurisdiction, since he was deemed not technically qualified to perform that function due to lack of professional legal training and had to rely on third parties to issue their decisions, a situation that went against the principles of independence and impartiality. Later, with the creation of the Law 522 of 1999 current Military Penal Code, these functions were separated and thus deserving prohibited discuss these principles in light of the military criminal law.

scholarly journals Implikasi Pemekaran Daerah Kabupaten Pesawaran Provinsi Lampung Pasca Reformasi

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 250-278
Author(s):  
Lukman Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Budget Allocation ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Law

Abstract: This article discusses implication of regional expansion of with the creation of Pesawaran Regency, the Province of Lampung, which was legally created based on the Law No. 33/2007 and officially promulgated on 2nd of November 2007. Before becoming a separate regency, Pesawaran was part of South Lampung Regency. There are both positive and negative implications of this expansion. Among positive implications are more effective control, available positions in bureaucracy for locals, better service delivery, fiscal distribution to newly created regency for development and infrastructures. Whereas negative implications include dispute in the site of regency office, shortage in budget allocation, infrastructure limitation, worsening public services and deteriorating relationship among key regional executives. Abstrak: Artikel ini mengkaji tentang implikasi pemekaran daerah Kabupaten Pesawaran Provinsi Lampung pasca reformasi. Terbentuknya Kabupaten Pesawaran berdasarkan undang-undang nomor 33 tahun 2007 yang memekarkan diri dari Kabupaten Lampung Selatan, dan diresmikan pada 2 November 2007. Terdapat implikasi positif dan negatif yang timbul dari pemekaran kabupaten Pesawaran Provinsi Lampung. Di antara implikasi positifnya adalah rentang kendali pemerintahan semakin dekat, terbukanya jabatan-jabatan (peluang kerja) baru untuk sebagian kecil masyarakat asli dan sekitar, terutama dalam sektor pemerintahan kabupaten, akses pelayanan publik semakin dekat, dan adanya distribusi fiskal ke daerah otonom baru sebagai upaya pembangunan dan penunjang struktur dan infrastruktur baru. Adapun implikasi negatifnya adalah terjadinya silang sengkarut lokasi kantor pemerintah kabupaten, keterbatasan anggaran sehingga terbengkalainya pemilukada perdana, keterbatasan infrastruktur, pelayanan publik yang semakin buruk, dan hubungan kerja yang kurang harmonis antar pimpinan dan pejabat daerah.

scholarly journals Hak Notaris Menolak Pembuatan Akta yang Mengandung Unsur Riba dengan Alasan Menjalankan Prinsip Syariat

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Aditya Yudha Prawira ◽  
Haryanto Susilo
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Administrative Action ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
Library Studies ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right To Refuse

This study discussed the right of notaries to refuse the creation of deeds containing usuries by reasons of implementing the principles of sharia and the legal implications of notaries based on Article 16 Law on Notary Position. This study was normative research that used conceptual and legislation approaches. Data collection techniques used library studies. The analysis results showed that notaries had the right to refuse the creation of deeds containing usuries based on the theoretical, juridical, and philosophical aspects. Due to the law of notaries that refused the creation of deeds containing usuries, it violates Article Article 16 Law on Notary Position so that notaries could be subject to tieredly administrative action. The Law on Notary Position had not provided legal protection to notaries who practice their profession under the principles of sharia.

scholarly journals Mapping the history of codification

2018 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 485-508
Author(s):  
Jean Louis Halpérin
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
New States ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Law ◽  
Civil Codes ◽  
Point Of Departure

Bentham has defended the idea of a general codification as a “map of the law” that could allow the comparison between the laws of different nations. This essay aims to use this relationship about the ideas of codifying the law and mapping the laws to think about the possibility of mapping the history of codification, taking as its point of departure the writing specialized codes - not only the civil codes. Mapping can be a means to deal with the relationships between the countries adopting a code, the opportunity to consider the relationships between the codes and the creation of new States, the national processes of unification, the adoption, the political and social revolutions and ruptures. Also, it will try to make correspondences between these phenomena in order to construct tables that could be represented through future maps.

Unmöglichkeit und veränderte Umstände im ALR

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannik Frese
Keyword(s):  
Special Consideration ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Law

The study analyses the Prussian law on impossibility of performance and changed circumstances from the first drafts to the binding version of the law, presenting hitherto unpublished legislative materials on the ALR. Special consideration is given to the foundations of Prussian legislation by elaborating the relevant views in the eras of Usus modernus and the law of reason and linking them to the creation of the ALR.

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