Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 208-213
Author(s):  
Kathy Peiss
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Library And Information Science ◽  
Unfinished Business ◽  
Intelligence Gathering ◽  
Open Source Intelligence ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

The collecting missions made an imprint on the postwar world of books and information. The OSS and military efforts to acquire open-source intelligence propelled advances in library and information science already underway. A number of those involved in wartime acquisitions became pioneers in this field. The program of acquisition offered a prototype for open-source intelligence gathering after the war. These missions also contributed to a growing orientation among American libraries toward internationalism, in which collecting foreign holdings was deemed essential to American power. For the most part, however, the collections themselves attracted little notice. With the Holocaust awareness of the late twentieth century, the acquisition of looted Jewish books was investigated by the Justice Department and President Bill Clinton’s Commission on Holocaust Assets. Looted and displaced books remain part of the unfinished business of World War II.

scholarly journals Diplomatics as a methodological perspective for archival knowledge organization

NASKO ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 204
Author(s):  
Natália Bolfarini Tognoli ◽  
José Augusto Chaves Guimarães ◽  
Joseph T Tennis
Keyword(s):  
Information Science ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Knowledge Organization ◽  
Library And Information Science ◽  
Archival Science ◽  
Bibliographic Records ◽  
Science Community ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Knowledge organization is usually discussed in the Library and Information Science community, but it is a concept rarely applied to archival science. It occurs, among other things, due the fact that until the late twentieth century the discipline did not recognize information as its object of study, studying only the record and the archive. Archival science began to consider information asits object of study when in 1988, in North America, the authors Couture, Ducharme, and Rousseau, proposed the use of the terms “organic information” and “nonorganic information”, defining the former as one created and received by a physical person or entity in the course of a practical activity, and the latter as one contained in bibliographical records, replacing therefore the concepts of archival and bibliographic records, in archival science research.

The Social Identity of Hosts and Patrons

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christel Lane
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Organizational Identity ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Segregation ◽  
Social Mixing ◽  
The Social ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Post War ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This chapter analyses inns, taverns, and public houses in their social context, exploring their organizational identity and the social positions of their owners/tenants. It examines how patrons express their class, gender, and national identity by participation in different kinds of sociality. Seventeenth- and eighteenth-century hostelries afforded more opportunities for cross-class sociability than in later centuries. Social mixing was facilitated because the venues fulfilled multiple economic, social, and political functions, thereby providing room for social interaction apart from communal drinking and eating. Yet, even in these earlier centuries, each type of hostelry already had a distinctive class character, shaping its organizational identity. Division along lines of class hardened, and social segregation increased in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, up to World War II. In the post-War era, increased democratization of society at large became reflected in easier social mixing in pubs. Despite this democratization, during the late twentieth century the dominant image of pubs as a working-class institution persisted.

Introduction

Mahjong ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Annelise Heinz
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Communities ◽  
World War ◽  
The Social ◽  
Changing Roles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

The Introduction provides an orientation to the book and its key questions: What did it mean to become “modern” in the early twentieth century? How did American ethnicities take shape in the years leading up to and after World War II? How did middle-class women experience and shape their changing roles in society, before the social revolutions of the late twentieth century? How are these things related? The Introduction also covers an overview of mahjong’s trajectory in the United States. It examines background related to the history of leisure, gender, and consumerism in addition to introducing key sources and methodologies. The introduction sets up the book to tell the story of mahjong’s role in the creation of identifiably ethnic communities, women’s access to respectable leisure, and how Americans used ideas of China to understand themselves.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
Kathy Peiss
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Professional Expertise ◽  
World War ◽  
Total War ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
Open Source Intelligence ◽  
Book World ◽  
The Military

World War II witnessed an unprecedent effort by American librarians, scholars, intelligence agents, and the military to acquire foreign publications and information. In a total war, the book world became a terrain of battle. Fighting the enemy required the mobilization of knowledge, including the open-source intelligence gleaned in publications. It involved ideological confrontations between freedom and fascism that required the elimination of Nazi literature. And it prompted new attention to the preservation of culture and, as the scale of Nazi pillaging became clear, the restitution of looted books. Wartime mobilization encouraged librarians and scholars to put their professional expertise to these efforts. Some of those involved were public figures, but most were ordinary individuals, predominantly men, from a range of backgrounds, who came together in the unique conditions of the war.

The Sanctification of Yiddish among Hasidim

AJS Review ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-181
Author(s):  
Daniel Reiser
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Oral Culture ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Vernacular Language ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The Status ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

AbstractThe sanctification of Yiddish in hasidic society occurred primarily in the first half of the twentieth century and intensified in the wake of the Holocaust. The roots of this phenomenon, however, lie in the beginnings of Hasidism in the eighteenth century. The veneration of Yiddish is linked to the hasidic attitude towards vernacular language and the status of the ẓaddik “speaking Torah.” Hasidism represented—and represents—an oral culture in which the verbal transfer of its sacred content sanctifies the language spoken by its adherents, in this case, Yiddish. This article presents a theological and sociological examination of the various stages of the sanctification of Yiddish among Hasidim from the movement's early stages to the late twentieth century.

The Americas, 1450–2000

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward J. Davies, II
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
World War ◽  
European Contact ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Global Cold War ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This article discusses the history of the Americas from 1450 to 2000. It describes the Americas before European contact; disease and death brought by the European arrival in 1492 due to new bacteria and viruses they carried; conquest, colonization, and settlement by the Europeans; the building of transatlantic economies; revolutions in the Americas from 1760 to 1830; revolutions and new republics that were formed; the rise of industrial economies in the Americas; migration and labor demands; the Great Depression and World War II; the global cold war from 1941 to 2000teh global economy; and globalization in the late twentieth century.

Librarians and Collectors Go to War

2019 ◽  
pp. 40-67
Author(s):  
Kathy Peiss
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Information Overload ◽  
Scientific Journals ◽  
Information Economy ◽  
Professional Skills ◽  
Open Source Intelligence ◽  
Work Done

The OSS sent librarians and scholars to outposts in Stockholm, Lisbon, and other neutral cities to spearhead a vast collecting and microfilming operation. They acquired enemy newspapers, scientific journals, resistance pamphlets, and other types of open-source intelligence. Crossing paths with spying allies, enemy provocateurs, booksellers, and gossips, the librarians turned into intelligence agents, who used their professional skills in a dangerous information economy. Publications came to have value and meaning as intelligence. The OSS librarians confronted the problem of information overload as thousands of microfilm reels arrived in Washington. Through classifications, indexes, abstracts, and full-text translations, work done not by computers but by women and émigrés, they pioneered applied techniques of information science.

So What Are Jews For?

2020 ◽  
pp. 264-290
Author(s):  
Adam Sutcliffe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New World ◽  
Jewish Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
European Jewish ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This chapter reviews the question on what Jews are for. It talks about the anxiety over the long-term viability of Judaism that threatened to overwhelm the question across much of the Jewish world in the late twentieth century. It describes the European Jewish life in the aftermath of the Holocaust that was shadowed by a sense of dutiful traditionalism and anxiety over the continued presence of antisemitism. The chapter also analyzes the temptation and increasing ease of assimilation that was perceived as a threat to Jewish continuity in Europe, in the United States, and elsewhere in the New World. It points out how it was clear to some Jewish leaders, while faced with the prospect of a “vanishing diaspora,” that the postwar focus on communal survival lacked the inspirational power to renew Jewish life.

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