Optionality

2021 ◽  
pp. 392-435
Author(s):  
Martijn W. Hesselink
Keyword(s):  
Family Law ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Choice Of Law ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Mandatory Rules ◽  
Civil Codes

This Chapter focuses on a distinctive characteristic of an important portion of contemporary rules of contract law that sets them apart not only from public law but also from other branches of private law (e.g. property and family law), i.e. that these rules can be set aside freely by the contracting parties. Contrary to national civil codes, however, positive EU contract law does not include many instances of non-mandatory rules. This raises the question of what exactly justifies the existence of such optional rules: should public institutions be providing elaborate sets of contract law rules if private parties can set them aside as they please, and, if so, what kind of considerations should determine the content of such rules? Similar questions can be asked with respect to other instances of optional contract law, such as choice of law in cross-border contracts.

scholarly journals CONFIDENTIALITY CLAUSES IN INVESTOR-STATE CONTRACTS FOR THE PROTECTION OF TRADE SECRETS AFTER PROMULGATION OF THE INDONESIAN ACT ON PUBLIC INFORMATION DISCLOSURE

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ((S2)) ◽  
pp. 115-141
Author(s):  
Sanusi Bintang ◽  
Mujibussalim Mujibussalim ◽  
Mahfud Mahfud ◽  
Fikri Fikri
Keyword(s):  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Trade Secrets ◽  
New Model ◽  
The Public ◽  
Aceh Province

A confidentiality clause is a clause in investor-state contracts which is in the operative part of the contract to guarantee adequate protection of the trade secrets of the contracting parties. This article argues that there is a need to change the current practice where investor-state contracts in Indonesia utilizes broadly defined confidentiality clauses as a means to protect trade secrets in international business transactions. This is because a broadly defined confidentiality clause is contradictory to the provisions of the Act on Public Information Disclosure (APID). APID is aimed mainly at providing public information disclosure. The public information includes public contracts, such as investor-state contracts. Therefore, a new model of the confidentiality clause is needed for the protection of trade secrets as intended by the Act on Trade Secrets (ATS) and contract law as well as public information disclosure as intended by APID. This article employs doctrinal legal research. The research utilized, primary, secondary, and tertiary legal authorities. The primary legal material intensively used in this article consists of mandatory-primary legal authorities, in the form of statutes and contracts. The contracts used are the investor-state contracts of Aceh Province, Indonesia. The finding shows that a new model of the confidentiality clause can be created by accommodating both the interest of the state for providing public information disclosure based on APID and the interest of investors for the protection of trade secrets based on ATS and contract law. Investor-state contracts are a specific type of contract which has specific characteristics that apply to both private law and public law. They are different from purely international commercial contracts which only apply private law. Investor-state contract drafters need to be aware of this difference and provide a more balanced confidentiality clause in the contracts.

Preventive Duties under Private and Public Law scilicet spei permultum sed rei paulum

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (103) ◽  
pp. 51-71
Author(s):  
Dariusz Fuchs
Keyword(s):  
Contract Law ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Insurance Contract ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
European Insurance ◽  
The Relationship

The article aims at discussing preventive obligations incumbent on the insurer and other entities of the insurance relationship, in particular on the policyholder. The analysis takes into account comparative legal aspects, and therefore refers to the Principles of European Insurance Contract Law (PEICL). The author emphasizes the evolution of the provision of Article 826 of the Civil Code, which has changed his views on the scope of the preventive obligation under insurance contract. He points out the possible differences of interpretation as to the scope of the prevention as well as the issue of the insurer's reimbursement of costs due to its implementation by the policyholder. What is more, the relationship between public and private law standards has been presented, with a particular focus on Article 826 of the Civil Code. Finally, de lege ferenda conclusions have been presented.

The Proportionality Puzzle in Contract Law: A Challenge for Private Law Theory?

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-244
Author(s):  
Zhong Xing Tan
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Internal Logic ◽  
Pragmatic Justification ◽  
Internal Rationality

This article explores the emerging use of the proportionality concept in the contract law of the Anglo-common law world, first to understand its internal logic, and secondly, to situate its invocation within private law theory. What are judges doing when they appeal to “proportionality”?, and what does this say about the ideology of adjudication? I draw insights from the use of proportionality in other domains, in particular public law, to uncover its internal rationality as a means-ends rationality review coupled with a process of balancing competing considerations, which I illustrate with reference to the illegality, penalty, and cost of cure doctrines. I argue that proportionality reflects a method of pragmatic justification, expressing an aspiration towards a structured and transparent mode of argumentation that is anti-formal and anti-ideological, focusing from the bottom-up on contextual considerations, and occupying a distinct space against existing theories in private law driven, for instance, by “top-down”? rights-based ideologies or critical and communitarian perspectives.

Transplanting Irrationality from Public to Private Law: Braganza v BP Shipping Ltd

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Himsworth
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Public Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Private Law ◽  
The One ◽  
Uk Supreme Court ◽  
The Uk ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Discretionary Powers

For many years, similarities have been noticed between the motivations for, and the methods of, controlling the exercise of discretionary powers on the one hand, in public law and, on the other hand, in contract law. There has, however, been much disagreement about how far the two processes should aligned, and whether the grounds of review in public law should be extended into the contractual domain. In Braganza v BP Shipping Ltd [2015] UKSC 17, the UK Supreme Court sought a high degree of alignment through the adoption, in a contractual dispute, of public law standards of reasonableness. This article offers a critique of the Court's arguments in the case and its consequences for contract law.

Concentrate Questions and Answers Family Law

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Gaffney-Rhys
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Child Support ◽  
Family Law ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Expert Advice ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Parental Responsibility ◽  
International Relocation ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
Experienced Examiner

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam and assignment questions. Each book includes key debates, typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary, and tips to gain extra marks. Concentrate Q&A Family Law offers expert advice on what to expect from your family law exam, how best to prepare, and guidance on what examiners are really looking for. Written by an experienced examiner, it provides: clear commentary with each question and answer; diagram answer plans; tips to make your answer really stand out from the crowd; and further reading suggestions at the end of every chapter. The book should help you to: identify typical family law exam questions; structure a good answer; avoid common mistakes; show the examiner what you know; make your answer stand out; and find relevant further reading. After an introduction on exam skills for success in family law, chapters cover: marriage, civil partnerships, and cohabitation; void, voidable. and non-existent marriages; divorce and judicial separation; domestic violence; family property; financial relief and child support; parenthood and parental responsibility; children's rights and private law; international relocation and abduction; public law and adoption; mixed topic questions and skills for success in coursework assessments.

scholarly journals Decisions in the field of international private law in the practice of the Novi Sad court of cassation between two world wars

2008 ◽  
pp. 121-130
Author(s):  
Petar Djundic
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Choice Of Law ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Internal Conflicts ◽  
International Private Law ◽  
Recognition And Enforcement ◽  
The Will ◽  
Novi Sad

This article analyzes decisions in the field of International Private Law of the Novi Sad Court of Cassation, the highest court in Vojvodina during the period between two world wars. Decisions of the Court concerned with the conflict of laws issues were extremely rare during this period. Available case law contains literary one decision dealing with the choice of law problems in cross-border disputes. On the other hand, internal conflicts of laws were much more common as a result of the fact that The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (from 1929 onwards - The Kingdom of Yugo?slavia) was the country with seven different systems of civil law in force in its territory. Choice of law rules were scant and underdeveloped. Case law of the Court is somewhat more developed when it comes to decisions concerned with international jurisdiction of the courts, recognition and enforcement of foreign decisions and issues of international civil procedure. However, one should bear in mind that many of the disputes with cross--border implications originated not from the will of the parties, but rather as a result of the change of sovereignty over the territory of Vojvodina after World War I.

Part VI Rights—Structure and Scope, Ch.38 The Constitutionalisation of Indian Private Law

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balganesh Shyamkrishna
Keyword(s):  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Tort Law ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Property Law ◽  
Private Law ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter examines the relationship between private law and constitutional law in India, with particular emphasis on tort law. It considers the Indian Supreme Court’s expansion of its fundamental rights jurisprudence over the past thirty years, as well as its effort to transcend the public law/private law divide. It also explains how the Court’s fusion of constitutional law and tort law has affected the independent efficacy, normativity, and analytical basis of equivalent private law claims in India. It argues that the Court’s efforts have only undermined the overall legitimacy of private law mechanisms in the country, and that this phenomenon is evident not only with respect to tort law, but also to a lesser degree in other areas of private law, such as contract law and property law.

scholarly journals Typological models of legal regulation of matrimonial relations through the prism of comparative approach in private law

2021 ◽  
pp. 114-125
Author(s):  
Evgeniya Pavlovna Parii-Sergeenko
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Family Law ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Exclusive Jurisdiction ◽  
Legal Criterion

This article outlines a number of typological models of legal regulation of matrimonial relations using the method of comparative-legal analysis. Leaning on the formal-legal approach, analysis is conducted on certain typological models. First and foremost, the author explores the model that is based on inclusion of the norms of family law in the Civil Code. It features two basic modifications that take roots in the reference European codifications of civil law: French (institutional) and German (pandect). Another typological model under review relies on coexistence of the two separate codes within the national legal system: civil and family. The typological distinctness characterizes the model that is based on inclusion of the norms of special statutes dedicated to family law in the Single Civil Code (for example, PRC). The development of family law may take the path of adoption of separate legislative acts (UK, USA). In some instances, federative nature of the country may also affect the development of the system of sources of family law. The countries with pluralistic legal system, either have exclusive jurisdiction over matters of family law (for example, Israel), or stimulate the processes of its modernization through adoption of a special law (for example, India). The author believes that the formal-legal criterion of typology should be correlated with the substantive aspect of the matter. From this perspective, the author highlight the two trends in regulation of matrimonial relations: the first is associated with strengthening of public law principles, while the second is associated with private law principles. The typological model depends on the dynamics of their ratio.

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