South-to-South and Donor-driven Diffusion in Sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
pp. 158-180
Author(s):  
Brian Wampler ◽  
Stephanie McNulty ◽  
Michael Touchton
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Marginalized Communities ◽  
New Development ◽  
Sub Saharan

Governments in sub-Saharan Africa began to adopt PB in the early 2000s. The World Bank, USAID, DFID, and other international organization led the push to expand PB. By 2019, the region included more than nine hundred programs. PB’s diffusion across sub-Saharan Africa has led to its transformation in scale, rules, and impact. Most PB programs in sub-Saharan Africa focus on building accountability and allowing participants to select small-scale development projects. These programs are located both in major cities (Maputo, Nairobi) as well as in poor, rural areas across the region. These programs are intended to improve local governance, but the involvement of international donors means that local governments must address their concerns as well as those of participants. The programs also emphasize placing new development projects in poor, marginalized communities, thus retaining potential for improving well-being. This chapter documents these trends by focusing on PB in Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Senegal, South Africa, and Uganda.

Assessing Impacts of Indicators of Child Wealth Index in Africa: A Study of Four Regions in Sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Choja Oduaran ◽  
Christopher Godwin Udomboso
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Western Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Positive Correlations

Recently, the well-being of children in developing countries has attracted much research attention. However, literature is sparse on the effects of family well-being on the child. This study assesses indicators of the Child Wealth Index in Africa, in four out of five regions of the continent of Africa, based on countries with the highest and lowest Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The regions include Central, Eastern, Southern, and Western Africa. Data were obtained from the latest Demographic and Health Survey of each country, where each respondent family was categorised into either “poor,” “middle” or “rich.” Multinomial logistic regression was utilised to study the effects of the indicators used in this study, on child well-being. Results show that the majority of countries have more children in the poor category, especially in rural areas. Furthermore, there are negative correlations between Child Wealth Index and residence, and positive correlations between Child Wealth Index and housing conditions with access to electricity. Indicators of the Child Wealth Index include highest education, place of residence, housing conditions, toilet facility, and access to electricity and appliances. It is inferred that many countries in Africa have a low Wealth Index despite their high GDP. Therefore, African governments need to improve the living standards of their people.

scholarly journals Is water carriage associated with the water carrier’s health? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative evidence

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. e000764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jo-Anne Lee Geere ◽  
Moa Cortobius ◽  
Jonathan Harold Geere ◽  
Charlotte Christiane Hammer ◽  
Paul R Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Citation Index ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Arts And Humanities ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
Sub Saharan

IntroductionThe work of carrying water falls mainly on women and children, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and rural areas. While concerns have been raised, how water carriage is associated with health of the water carrier is not clear. The aim of this review is to summarise evidence on whether, and how, water carriage is associated with the water carrier’s health.MethodsA systematic review of literature was conducted, searching Embase; Medline; Web of Science Social Sciences Citation Index; Web of Science Arts and Humanities Citation Index; International Initiative for Impact Evaluation website; WHO Virtual Health Sciences Library and WHO African index medicus, from inception to 8 November 2017.ResultsForty-two studies were included. Their ability to demonstrate cause and effect relationships was limited by study design and fair or poor methodological quality. Overall, the studies suggest that water carriage is associated with negative aspects of the water carriers’ health. There is moderate quantitative and strong qualitative evidence that water carriage is associated with pain, fatigue, perinatal health problems and violence against vulnerable people, and inconclusive evidence of an association with stress or self-reported mental health and general health status.ConclusionIn many circumstances, water carriage is a potential barrier to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 target ‘universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all’ and SDG 3 ‘ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages’. Efforts should focus on providing water on premises, and where this is not possible, providing water close to home and reducing risk of gender-based violence.

scholarly journals The psychosocial well-being of orphans in Southern Africa: the perception of orphans and teachers

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M W De Witt ◽  
A C Lessing
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Life World ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Developing Settings

The escalation in numbers of orphans in Sub-Saharan Africa has become a human catastrophe. If governments do not deal with this phenomenon as a priority it might spiral beyond control. Very few studies have been done to investigate the psychosocial impact of orphanhood on children and communities in developing countries. Very little is known about the life world of orphans in developing countries and even less is known about factors in these children’s lives which can affect their mental health. The researchers decided to undertake research in three areas in Southern Africa to investigate the psychosocial well-being of orphans and to compare the findings with existing research findings. A survey was done in three rural areas to determine the perceptions of orphans regarding their own personal experiences and emotional feelings which may reflect on psychosocial well-being, as well as the perceptions of teachers working with these orphans. Except for depression, the findings with regard to most of the psychosocial aspects were in accordance with the literature. The most important findings were that bereavement practices and approaches fit for developed communities might be of little value in developing settings. We are, however, more than aware that orphans from developed counties or even urban settings might differ from those of developing or deep rural areas.Keywords: Orphans; psychosocial well-being; bereavement; poverty; stigmatisation 

scholarly journals Modelling latrine diffusion in Benin: towards a community typology of demand for improved sanitation in developing countries

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion W. Jenkins ◽  
Sandy Cairncross
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Demand Characteristics ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Low Coverage ◽  
Infrastructure Services

Latrine diffusion patterns across 502 villages in Benin, West Africa, were analysed to explore factors driving initial and increasing levels of household adoption in low-coverage rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Variables explaining adoption related to population density, size, infrastructure/services, non-agricultural occupations, road and urban proximity, and the nearby latrine adoption rate, capturing differences in the physical and social environment, lifestyles and latrine exposure involved in stimulating status/prestige and well-being reasons for latrine adoption. Contagion was most important in explaining adoption initiation. Cluster analysis revealed four distinct village typologies of demand for latrines which provide a framework for tailoring promotional interventions to better match the different sanitation demand characteristics of communities in scaling-up sanitation development and promotion programmes.

scholarly journals Law and the Exclusionary Essence of Large-Scale Investments in Sub-Saharan Africa Land

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 315-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomaso Ferrando
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Land Grabbing ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Global Land ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Small Scale Farmers

Abstract ‘Global land grabbing’ represents one of the hottest topics of debate within the areas of developmental and agricultural studies. However, this article claims that a narrow focus on the illegality and consequences of the ‘grabbing’, rather than on large scale investments in land (LaSIL) as a form of economic development which is inherently exclusionary, can be detrimental to the future of small-scale farmers. A short-term perspective overlooks the indirect consequences of industrialization, and legitimizes long-term exclusions and marginalization. Through past and present evidence, this paper demonstrates that LaSIL as competing projects will inevitably produce the abandonment of rural areas, the proletarianization of peasants, and the increase in social inequality, against any possibility for coexistence and harmonious cooperation.

scholarly journals Brand Positioning for Sub-Saharan Africa’s Rural Tourism Development

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (6(J)) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Ikechukwu O. Ezeuduji
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Rural Landscape ◽  
Rural Tourism ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Brand Positioning ◽  
Sub Saharan

Well-conceived and effectively managed rural tourism brand in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) can help build favourable reputation which enhances the confidence of tourists. The purpose of this paper is to formulate brand essence (functional and emotional benefits derivable from a brand) and brand position statement, for SSA’s rural tourism development. This study conducted descriptive analysis of brand essence for SSA’s rural tourism development. It is exploratory, rather than conclusive in nature. Functional benefits of SSA’s rural tourism include her diverse natural and cultural attributes, friendliness of population, climatic conditions, and unique rural landscape. Her emotional benefits include the ‘feel-good’ factor when tourists are offered the ‘rural idyll’ experience not found in any other continent or sub-continent, or buy local foods and souvenirs. This positive feeling of visiting SSA’s rural areas adds richness and depth to the tourists’ experience of being involved with her brand. The knowledge of rural tourism brand essence can help SSA’s local communities, local governments and national governments to communicate not just the functional values, but also the emotional values of visiting rural areas to tourists. This will lead to particular relationships between local communities and stakeholders to enact these emotional values or rewards. SSA’s rural tourism brand positioning statement could read: “To tourists seeking nostalgic experiences, novelty and escape, rural SSA offers authentic rural landscape, ‘rural idyll’ experience, and amazing friendly populations”.

Democracy and financial transparency of local governments in Sub-Saharan Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-699
Author(s):  
Redeemer Krah ◽  
Gerard Mertens
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Financial Information ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Public Sector Accounting ◽  
Financial Transparency ◽  
Sub Saharan

Purpose The study aims at examining the level of financial transparency of local governments in a sub-Saharan African country and how financial transparency is affected by democracy in the sub-region. Design/methodology/approach The study applied a panel regression model to data collected from public accounts of 43 local authorities in Ghana from 1995 to 2014. Financial transparency was measured using a transparency index developed based on the Transparency Index of Transparency International and the information disclosure requirements of public sector entities under the International Public Sector Accounting Standards. Findings The study finds the low level of financial transparency among the local governments in Ghana, creating information asymmetry within the agency framework of governance. Further, evidence from the study suggests a strong positive relationship between democracy and financial transparency in the local government. Research limitations/implications Deepening democracy is necessary for promoting the culture of financial transparency in local governance in sub-Saharan Africa, perhaps in entire Africa. Practical implications There is a need for the local governments and governments, in general, to deepen democracy to ensure proactive disclosure of the financial information to the citizens to improve participation trust and eventual reduction in corruption. Effective implementation of the Right to Information Act would also help promote financial and other forms of transparency in the sub-region. Originality/value The study contributes to the public sector accounting literature by linking democracy to financial transparency in the local government. Hitherto, studies concentrate on how entity level variables impact on the level of financial information flow in the local government without considering the broader governance infrastructure within which local governments operate.

scholarly journals Resilient Governance Regimes That Support Urban Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Cities: Learning From Local Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Vidal Merino ◽  
Sumetee Pahwa Gajjar ◽  
Aasha Subedi ◽  
Ana Polgar ◽  
Catherine Van Den Hoof
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Development Framework ◽  
Daunting Task ◽  
Sub Saharan

Local governments in Sub-Saharan Africa face the daunting task of high urban growth and potentially devastating impacts of climate change across local communities and the economy. Urban and peri-urban food production can be among nature-based strategies planned for improving urban food security, reducing emissions, and climate adaptation. Co-operative governance, strategic planning, and accountable institutions are needed to support urban agriculture (UA), in the face of climate risks, unplanned urban development, the gendered nature of food provision, and the inability of urban farmers to self-organize toward optimal market and land access outcomes. Using a case study approach guided by qualitative content analysis with information derived from web analysis, we apply the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework to analyze underlying governance factors for UA in three selected Sub-Saharan African cities. Our three case cities of Kampala, Tamale and Cape Town reveal that UA is beginning to receive policy attention toward food security, and recognition for generating environmental, ecological, health, and human well-being benefits. Literature from specific cities however does not yet signal a local awareness and policy thrust regarding the associated and pertinent climate adaptation benefits of urban agriculture. We therefore recommend trans-disciplinary, locally-led, planning-based, and multi-sectoral approaches, involving a range of stakeholders toward recognizing and achieving the climate adaptation, environmental (ecologically restorative) and food security benefits of pursuing urban agriculture. This signals a larger role for the practice in sustainability discourse and SDGs 2 and 11, scaling out and up across large, medium and small towns, and cities of Sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals Prevalence of first adolescent pregnancy and its associated factors in sub-Saharan Africa: A multi-country analysis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246308
Author(s):  
Bright Opoku Ahinkorah ◽  
Melissa Kang ◽  
Lin Perry ◽  
Fiona Brooks ◽  
Andrew Hayen
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Pregnancy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Relationship Education ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan

Introduction In low-and middle-income countries, pregnancy-related complications are major causes of death for young women. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of first adolescent pregnancy and its associated factors in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods We undertook a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 32 sub-Saharan African countries between 2010 and 2018. We calculated the prevalence of first adolescent (aged 15 to 19 years) pregnancy in each country and examined associations between individual and contextual level factors and first adolescent pregnancy. Results Among all adolescents, Congo experienced the highest prevalence of first adolescent pregnancy (44.3%) and Rwanda the lowest (7.2%). However, among adolescents who had ever had sex, the prevalence ranged from 36.5% in Rwanda to 75.6% in Chad. The odds of first adolescent pregnancy was higher with increasing age, working, being married/cohabiting, having primary education only, early sexual initiation, knowledge of contraceptives, no unmet need for contraception and poorest wealth quintile. By contrast, adolescents who lived in rural areas and in the West African sub-region had lower odds of first adolescent pregnancy. Conclusion The prevalence of adolescent pregnancy in sub-Saharan African countries is high. Understanding the predictors of first adolescent pregnancy can facilitate the development of effective social policies such as family planning and comprehensive sex and relationship education in sub-Saharan Africa and can help ensure healthy lives and promotion of well-being for adolescents and their families and communities.

Local Elections and the Politics of Small-Scale Democracy

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Eric Oliver ◽  
Shang E. Ha ◽  
Zachary Callen
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Electoral Politics ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Local Elections ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Personal Connections ◽  
Community Ties

Local government is the hidden leviathan of American politics: it accounts for nearly a tenth of gross domestic product, it collects nearly as much in taxes as the federal government, and its decisions have an enormous impact on Americans' daily lives. Yet political scientists have few explanations for how people vote in local elections, particularly in the smaller cities, towns, and suburbs where most Americans live. Drawing on a wide variety of data sources and case studies, this book offers the first comprehensive analysis of electoral politics in America's municipalities. Arguing that current explanations of voting behavior are ill suited for most local contests, the book puts forward a new theory that highlights the crucial differences between local, state, and national democracies. Being small in size, limited in power, and largely unbiased in distributing their resources, local governments are “managerial democracies” with a distinct style of electoral politics. Instead of hinging on the partisanship, ideology, and group appeals that define national and state elections, local elections are based on the custodial performance of civic-oriented leaders and on their personal connections to voters with similarly deep community ties. Explaining not only the dynamics of local elections, Oliver's findings also upend many long-held assumptions about community power and local governance, including the importance of voter turnout and the possibilities for grassroots political change.

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