A Bird’s Eye View of Medical Education in 1830

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Neville Bonner
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
The Political ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
The Public ◽  
Rising Power ◽  
High Degree

The changes under way in medical training in the transatlantic world by 1830 owed much to the political and social transformations of the preceding half-century. The political revolutions of the old century, which ushered in a long period of turmoil and conflict, had been followed by a period in the early nineteenth century of reaction and consolidation, new industrial growth and the spread of cities, commercial expansion and rising prosperity, and a high degree of political turbulence in every country. No nation escaped the impact of rapid population changes, of buoyant capitalistic enterprise, of the spreading democratic tide, or of the efforts of reformers to help those most adversely affected by the urban-industrial revolution. The training of doctors was inevitably influenced by the rising power of the middle classes in Europe and America as they demanded more medical services and a higher standard of medical competence. The continued growth of industrial cities, notably in Britain, posed serious problems of public health and the medical care of the poor. By 1831, London’s population was already approaching a million and a half, and nearly half the remaining population were now living in towns of more than five thousand. The doctors most in demand in these conditions were those who joined a skill in practical medicine with a knowledge of the new practical sciences. The new studies of science, it was increasingly believed by laypeople, gave the physician a surer command of diagnosis and a better understanding of the disease process, and his practical skills assured the patient of the best possible treatment. Medicine as a practical science, in short, was seen by the public as an important advance over both the old humanistic medicine of the universities and the crude empiricism of the earlier practical schools. The triumph of the clinic and the rise of the new sciences together created a new confidence in medical education. The schools themselves were becoming more alike.

Emergence of Manichean Political Rhetoric – Theoretical Modeling of Predictive Frameworks

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-87
Author(s):  
Edrex Fontanilla ◽  
Mark Juszczak ◽  
Rosalie Messina
Keyword(s):  
Political Rhetoric ◽  
Theoretical Modeling ◽  
The Political ◽  
Predictive Test ◽  
Political Actor ◽  
Predictive Tools ◽  
The Public ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
Frame Work ◽  
High Degree

Manichean political rhetoric can be best summarized as a generalized trend, by an agent with political power in a given field, to increasingly express themselves in their official capacity as a political actor through a binary lens: presenting issues and/or solutions to the public in that field of power as being either “A or B”. This reductionism in presentation of problems and solutions appears, historically, to coincide with a rise in autocratic behavior on the part of the political actor. To this day, however, a true predictive test for the emergence of Manichean political rhetoric, does not exist. While we can often observe and critic the presence of it, and the transition from complex to binary rhetoric after such rheto-ric has been used, a predictive determinative framework (one that can say with a high degree of accura-cy that this shift is about to happen) still does not exist. This articles is an attempt to do two things: understand more accurately the difficulties that arise in attempting to create such a predictive frame-work and provide theoretical modeling of such frameworks to assess their potential functionality as predictive tools.

scholarly journals Why Hackers Become Crackers – An Analysis of Conflicts Faced by Hackers

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Boyu Guo
Keyword(s):  
Power Distribution ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Reports ◽  
Hacker Culture ◽  
High Degree

<p>Hacker culture is generally regarded as a subculture, and the public has a high degree of misunderstanding towards hackers. The media reports sometimes depict hackers overly negatively, possibly because hackers could gain a dominant position in the age of information and, therefore, threaten the existing balance of social power distribution. Moreover, those reports, whether intentionally or not, misunderstand the meaning of “hackers”: “Hackers” are people who want to identify and solve problems directly and effectively, but “crackers” are those who cause problems for society.</p>However, it is not merely a problem of media’s misnomer. This research shows that apart from the media distortion of hacker identity, even the hackers with positive intentions still have real potential to become crackers. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to understand why the transition from “hackers” to “crackers” takes place by identifying crucial factors that influence hackers’ behaviors. Specifically, the inherent conflicts between cyberspace and the real world can turn hackers into crackers. Through the research, two major conflicts are identified: the conflict between freedom and responsibility and the conflict between individuality and authority. To support the arguments, the history of hacker culture and specific cases of hacking events are studied and discussed. The research also brings a crucial issue: how do we co-exist with information technology in a society that is increasingly computerized and digitalized? To face this problem, we need to comprehensively understand situations faced by human civilization in the information era. Hacker culture is, therefore, a practical perspective of studying social transformations in the development of technology.

scholarly journals On the arts and humanities in medical education

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle G. Rabinowitz
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Medical Humanities ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The Public ◽  
Arts And Humanities ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Concomitant Reduction ◽  
Flexner Report ◽  
The Cost

AbstractThis paper aims to position the birth of the Medical Humanities movement in a greater historical context of twentieth century American medical education and to paint a picture of the current landscape of the Medical Humanities in medical training. It first sheds light on the model of medical education put forth by Abraham Flexner through the publishing of the 1910 Flexner Report, which set the stage for defining physicians as experimentalists and rooting the profession in research institutions. While this paved the way for medical advancements, it came at the cost of producing a patriarchal approach to medical practice. By the late 1960s, the public persona of the profession was thus devoid of humanism. This catalyzed the birth of the Medical Humanities movement that helped lay the framework for what has perpetuated as the ongoing incorporation of humanistic subjects into medical training. As we enter a time in medicine in which rates of burnout are ever-increasing and there are growing concerns about a concomitant reduction in empathy among trainees, the need for instilling humanism remains important. We must consequently continue to consider how to ensure the place of the Medical Humanities in medical education moving forward.

THE PEDIATRICIAN AND THE PUBLIC

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-227
Author(s):  
PAUL HARPER
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Child Health ◽  
American Academy ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
Advisory Council ◽  
Executive Board ◽  
The Public ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Pediatric Education

The recommendations that federal tax funds be used for the support of pediatric education which were prepared by the Committee for Improvement of Child Health and approved by the Executive Board of the American Academy of Pediatrics are supported with the following reservations: a. The recommendations of the Academy should acknowledge the need to strengthen the entire field of medical education while maintaining the Academy's qualification to speak for the pediatric aspects. b. The recommendations should more clearly emphasize the desirability of extending medical training by an affiliation between outlying hospitals and medical centers. The purpose is more and better training in pediatrics for general practitioners as well as for pediatricians. c. The recommendations should be amended to strengthen the position of the proposed advisory council on medical education and to require that there shall be no interference with academic freedom to develop medical education and to investigate disease.

Secularism, Nationalism, and Minorities in Turkey

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ina Merdjanova
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Private Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
The Public ◽  
Justice And Development Party ◽  
Four Books ◽  
The Public Sphere

The vivid interest in the philosophical and legal premises of secularism in Turkey, as well as in its workings in the public and private life of Turkish citizens resonates with an ongoing questioning in Western academia of the validity of established theories of secularization. More importantly, the political and social transformations in Turkey itself, and the growing role and visibility of Islam in the public sphere, especially during the last decade marked by the rule of the Islamic-oriented Justice and Development Party (jdp), have triggered a search for new explanatory frameworks and reconceptualization of Turkish secularism.The four books discussed in this article tackle the interrelated issues of secularism, nationalism and minorities in Turkey from a variety of disciplinary and methodological perspectives.

The Role of Public Opinion in United States Policies Toward the United Nations

1957 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-227
Author(s):  
Robert H. Cory
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
United Nations ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
United States Foreign Policy ◽  
The Public ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
High Degree

The development of the United Nations has been, and doubtless will continue to be, dependent to a high degree on the support of its largest contributor and most powerful member, the United States. The place of the UN in United States foreign policy is in some degree dependent on the public opinion process. To the extent that knowledge of the role of public opinion can be increased, the potentialities for the growth of the UN can be more accurately judged. Many current proposals—revisions of the Charter, the establishment of armaments control machinery, the founding of new social and economic programs—need to be evaluated in terms of the political possibilities of obtaining American support. What role will public opinion play in formulating United States policy on issues which are crucial in the strengthening of the UN?

scholarly journals Medical education in Brazil: public health as a didactic-pedagogical structure

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Ribeiro Bizuti ◽  
M Eneida de Almeida ◽  
P Roberto Barbato
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Health Reform ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
National Curriculum ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Civilizing Process ◽  
The Social ◽  
Education In Brazil

Abstract Medical education in Brazil has a Flexnerian structure whose guidelines were instituted in the Americas in the early twentieth century, which led the academic to settle in the office and in the hospital with a focus on the biological processes of the health-disease process. However, since the 1970s, increasing social inequality in Brazil has led to marked poverty with a lack of access to basic health care for most of the Brazilian population. The 1988 Federal Constitution treats health as a democratic process where the social issue is fundamental to the development of the nation. The Italian health movement, guided by social studies by Giovanni Berlinguer, inspired the Brazilian Health Reform Movement. In this regard, the hospital-centered view began to be questioned. Wide critical-reflexive movements were being built in society and in the academy, looking for improvements in the population's quality of life. Issues related to promotion, treatment and prevention, both in medical training and in management and assistance, were gradually being incorporated into medical education. But it was in the national medical education change project that the National Curriculum Guidelines (DCN), launched in 2014, culminated. The medical course at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul - Chapecó campus (UFFS-Ch), in the state of Santa Catarina, was created in 2015, fully complies with the new guidelines and is supported by the Public Health. This orientation is guided by the political, economic and social development of the Country within a civilizing process that is based on the social and environmental determinants of health, with respect to the relations of society in its history and in its territory. In this way, medical training at UFFS has a vision of the health-disease process that transcends the individual and addresses the community, with a proposal to transform society based on democracy and social justice. Key messages To present a counterpoint between the Brazilian Health Reform and its inspiring one, an Italian, in the search to overcome social inequality, through a civilizing process based on Democracy and Health. To present a medical course based on the transformation of medical education with a structure in Public Health in order to provide a reduction in social inequality in Brazil.

Introduction

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Neville Bonner
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Experimental Science ◽  
Medical Teaching ◽  
Nation States

In the following pages, I argue for a new way of looking at the history of medical education. The growth of medical training, I believe, has too long been viewed in almost exclusively national terms. Changes in medical teaching seem to have come only when creative individuals or powerful centers of innovation in a single country—Leyden, Vienna, Edinburgh, Paris, Giessen, Leipzig, or perhaps Baltimore—have discovered new ideas and techniques and radiated them outward to peripheral training centers in less advanced cities and towns. Strong personalities have put their stamp on new methods of imparting medical knowledge. The periodization of historical development is marked by important discontinuities that center on large historical events. The historical focus is understandably on dramatic change, new schemes of conveying learning, the advance of science in medicine, or the travels of foreign physicians to centers of innovation. Students appear in standard accounts, if at all, only as passive and voiceless participants in an impersonal process. History becomes a tale of successive national centers of influence that wax and wane in their importance to medicine. Rarely is it clear why these centers climb suddenly to historical prominence or why they later decline. And almost always, in even the best writing on medical education, a teleological thread is visible in which nineteenth-century and earlier patterns are followed largely to reveal how they helped shape twentieth-century realities. In short, medical education, like medicine itself, is often portrayed as a story of steady and sometimes heroic progress. In this book, I seek further answers to the reasons for change in medical teaching in the social, industrial, political, and educational transformations of Europe and North America that took place between the Enlightenment and World War II. Especially important, I believe, was the differential impact on individual nations of such major shifts in Western thought and society as the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, the rapid bursts of population and explosion of cities in the Industrial Revolution, the expansion of the market for health practitioners due to educational and urban growth, the rise of an entrepreneurial spirit in education, the widespread transformation of secondary and higher education in the nineteenth century, advances in the explanatory power of observational and experimental science, and the differing roles played by nation-states, as well as by the students themselves, in matters of health and education.

Democrazy—Dem Go Craze, O: Monitoring the 1999 Nigerian Elections

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
Darren Kew
Keyword(s):  
Transition Program ◽  
The Political ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Political Class ◽  
Soccer Match ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Military

In many respects, the least important part of the 1999 elections were the elections themselves. From the beginning of General Abdusalam Abubakar’s transition program in mid-1998, most Nigerians who were not part of the wealthy “political class” of elites—which is to say, most Nigerians— adopted their usual politically savvy perspective of siddon look (sit and look). They waited with cautious optimism to see what sort of new arrangement the military would allow the civilian politicians to struggle over, and what in turn the civilians would offer the public. No one had any illusions that anything but high-stakes bargaining within the military and the political class would determine the structures of power in the civilian government. Elections would influence this process to the extent that the crowd influences a soccer match.

Facing the Challenge of Democracy

2011 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Political Knowledge ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Thinking ◽  
Democratic Representation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Party Polarization

Citizens are political simpletons—that is only a modest exaggeration of a common characterization of voters. Certainly, there is no shortage of evidence of citizens' limited political knowledge, even about matters of the highest importance, along with inconsistencies in their thinking, some glaring by any standard. But this picture of citizens all too often approaches caricature. This book brings together leading political scientists who offer new insights into the political thinking of the public, the causes of party polarization, the motivations for political participation, and the paradoxical relationship between turnout and democratic representation. These studies propel a foundational argument about democracy. Voters can only do as well as the alternatives on offer. These alternatives are constrained by third players, in particular activists, interest groups, and financial contributors. The result: voters often appear to be shortsighted, extreme, and inconsistent because the alternatives they must choose between are shortsighted, extreme, and inconsistent.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document