Modernizing America

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black Migration ◽  
New Exodus ◽  
White Southerners ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The North ◽  
The Difference

As late as 1911, a leading American geographer could confidently assert that blacks in the United States would always live chiefly in "the warm, moist air of the Gulf and South Atlantic states," "where they find the heat and moisture in which they thrive"; nature decreed that few would ever settle and fewer survive in the North because they could not withstand the cold. Events, though, were contradicting this blend of racial and climatic determinism. Black migration from the South to the colder states was already substantial. It intensified dramatically during World War I. A boom in labor demand in industry, along with a near-cessation of the immigration from Europe that had once filled it, drew black and white southerners alike in unheard-of numbers to the manufacturing cities of the North. The black exodus to Kansas in 1879 and 1880 had briefly looked as if it would become just such a mass interregional movement of population. But the pioneer Exodusters had suffered from the drastic change in climate, most of all because it affected their livelihoods in farming. Their skills, which lay in cotton growing, were useless in Kansas, and their experience did little to encourage others to follow. The great northward migration of the early twentieth century was a migration not to new farmlands but to the cities for factory and service employment. The difference in climate between southern origin and northern destination did not matter much to it. White southern farmers, fearing the loss of cheap labor, warned departing blacks that they would find the winters of the North too bitter to endure. The new exodus proceeded all the same, and it discredited in the process the long-held idea that either race or habit always imposed a latitudinal pattern on human movement. The change in climate from South to North did mean discomfort or worse for many who undertook it. They suffered especially from the unaccustomed cold that few could afford stoves and fuel to ward off—though they had suffered too from inadequate shelter and clothing in the southern winter.

Black Migration from the South in Historical Context

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Platt Boustan
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
The South ◽  
Black Migration ◽  
The North ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Northern Cities ◽  
European Immigration

This chapter explains that the mobility of black southerners began increasing in the birth cohorts born immediately after the Civil War. Many of these moves took place within the South. Despite plentiful industrial jobs in the “thousand furnaces” of northern cities at the turn of the twentieth century, the potential wage benefits of settling in the North was dampened by the absence of a migrant network that southern blacks could use to secure employment upon arrival. Large flows of northward migration awaited a period of abnormally high economic returns, which arose during World War I. Circa 1915, northern factories supplying the war effort experienced a surge in labor demand, coupled with a temporary freeze in European immigration, which encouraged northern employers to turn to other sources of labor.

Introduction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Platt Boustan
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Housing Markets ◽  
Black Migration ◽  
The North ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Industrial Cities ◽  
Black Economic ◽  
Black Residents

This introductory chapter outlines the central themes and methodologies underpinning this book. It discusses the factors for slow black economic progress in the North following the Great Black Migration. Despite the promise of the North and despite optimistic predictions, black migration to industrial cities did not lead to economic parity with whites either for the migrants themselves or for their children during the mid-twentieth century. This chapter introduces a new element to the story by pointing out that that the persistent influx of black migrants to northern labor and housing markets had created competition for existing black residents in an economic setting already constrained by weakening labor demand and northern racism.

The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Free Blacks ◽  
Underground Railroad ◽  
White Southerners ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Fugitive Slaves ◽  
The North ◽  
Runaway Slaves ◽  
Fugitive Slave ◽  
The Law ◽  
Upper South

The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, although in effect less than two decades, was one of the nation’s most controversial federal laws. Designed to provide southern slaveholders with greater assistance in the return of runaway slaves, it angered northern whites and blacks, divided communities, and yet still failed to assuage slaveholders’ concerns. Designed to calm sectional tensions as part of the Compromise of 1850, the law propelled the nation closer to war. Both the fugitive slave clause of the Constitution and the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 affirmed the rights of slaveholders to claim enslaved people who escaped into free states or territories. But enslaved people continued to seek freedom, and over time the number of those willing to aid them grew, eventually developing into the loosely organized network known as the Underground Railroad. Slaveholders, especially in the Upper South, annually lost an untold number of slaves to escape. Not all freedom-seekers were successful, but the costs were great nonetheless. To slaveholders, every escaped slave who made it North represented a loss of hundreds of dollars, and perhaps more importantly, spurred others to follow in his or her footsteps. Often associated with states’ rights ideology, white southerners demanded and eventually got what some scholars have called the greatest exercise of federal power before the Civil War. The enhanced federal Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 expanded on the earlier law in several important ways. It created a new position of commissioner who was appointed, not elected, and was paid ten dollars each time he sent an accused fugitive into slavery, only five dollars if he found the claim to be insufficient and ordered the accused released. The act also strengthened the penalties for helping fugitives escape or interfering with rendition; it explicitly stripped all rights from the accused; and stated that bystanders could be called upon to assist in slave recapture. Response to the law varied. Enslaved people continued to escape bondage. Fugitives living in the North and even free blacks felt threatened and organized for self-defense; thousands left for Canada. Abolitionists, black and white, protested in writing and speeches; some engaged in bold rescues of individuals claimed as fugitives. Many white northerners abided by the law, although for others the idea of being turned into de facto slave catchers pushed them toward opposition. Rather than settle the issue of fugitive slaves, the Law served to divide the nation further.

Canada-US Relations, 1759–2019

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Bothwell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
The North ◽  
Federal Constitution ◽  
Trade Regimes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Republic ◽  
External Forces

Canada has sometimes been called the United States’ attic: a useful feature, but one easily forgotten. Of all countries, it has historically resembled the United States the most closely, in terms of culture, geography, economy, society, politics, ideology and, especially, history. A shared culture—literary, social, legal, and political—is a crucial factor in Canadian-American relations. Geography is at least as important. It provides the United States with strategic insulation to the north and enhances geographic isolation to the east and west. North-south economic links are inevitable and very large. It has been a major recipient of American investment, and for most of the time since 1920 has been the United States’ principal trading partner. Prosperous and self-sufficient, it has seldom required American aid. There have been no overtly hostile official encounters since the end of the War of 1812, partly because many Americans tended to believe that Canadians would join the republic; when that did not occur, the United States accepted an independent but friendly Canada as a permanent, useful, and desirable neighbor—North America’s attic. The insulation the attic provided was a common belief in the rule of law, both domestic and international; liberal democracy; a federal constitution; liberal capitalism; and liberal international trade regimes. That said, the United States, with its large population, huge economy, and military power, insulates Canada from hostile external forces. An attack on Canada from outside the continent is hard to imagine without a simultaneous attack on the United States. Successive American and Canadian governments have reaffirmed the political status quo while favoring mutually beneficial economic and military linkages—bilateral and multilateral. Relations have traditionally been grounded in a negotiating style that is evidence-based, proceeding issue by issue. A sober diplomatic and political context sometimes frames irritations and exclamations, but even these have usually been defined and limited by familiarity. For example, there has always been anti-Americanism in Canada. Most often it consists of sentiments derived from the United States itself, channeled by cultural similarities. No American idea, good or bad, from liberalism to populism, fails to find an echo in Canada. How loud or how soft the echo makes the difference.

Patterns of Insider Trading: It Is Not All Black and White

2020 ◽  
pp. 0148558X2096363
Author(s):  
Mehrzad Azmi Shabestari ◽  
Min Cao ◽  
Bharat Sarath
Keyword(s):  
Information Asymmetry ◽  
Insider Trading ◽  
The United States ◽  
Regular Pattern ◽  
Earnings Announcement ◽  
Quarterly Earnings ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Predictable Pattern ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Information

The regular pattern of quarterly earnings announcements sets up a predictable pattern of information asymmetry in the market. Both regulatory restrictions and voluntary corporate restrictions direct trading to low information asymmetry periods. To understand the effect of these restrictions, this study examines insider trading in three different windows: white windows (3–12 trading days after the earnings announcement, periods with low information asymmetry), black windows (all the other days in the quarter, periods with higher information asymmetry), and the blackest windows (the last 10 trading days of the black window, periods with the highest information asymmetry). First, our results show that a large proportion of insider trading in the United States takes place in the black window. Second, we document that trading in the white period exhibits a strong self-selection bias. We also show that the excess returns earned by black period trades vanish if postponed to the next white period following the earnings announcement. Finally, we show that a relatively large proportion of pre-specified trading under SEC-sponsored 10b5-1 plans are filed for black window periods, but the difference across black and white window plans is a matter of frequency of trade rather than the magnitude of profits. Overall, these results suggest that insiders balance the risk and profitability of their trading in white and black windows and that insider trading restriction in high-information asymmetry periods is not effective in practice.

scholarly journals ‘Lower types of cranks, crooks and racial bigots’? The Universal Negro Improvement Association and black political violence in the United States, 1918–1930

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Lennon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War I ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Universal Negro Improvement Association ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Grassroots Level ◽  
And Gender ◽  
White Press ◽  
Black Activist

This article examines the involvement of the black nationalist Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in black political violence in the early-interwar period in the United States. Evidence suggests that the UNIA was the organisation most often involved in black political confrontations, and the article discusses how the state, the black and white press and other black activist organisations may have both benefitted from and perpetuated the UNIA’s reputation for political violence. The essay argues that the UNIA’s involvement in violence against other black organisations and groups can be explained partly by the intensity of the ‘war of words’ among prominent black leaders in the United States, such as W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey. Furthermore, the article suggests that ethnic and gender differences within the American UNIA itself could exacerbate pre-existing tensions between different groups of Garveyites. Contextualising black political violence in these ways allows us to move beyond a reductionist view of grassroots Garveyites as prone to violence. Instead, this approach allows us to better understand the relationship between the famous ‘war of words’ and the kinds of tensions, confrontations and violence that sometimes occurred at grassroots level between supporters of different black organisations and groups. The article contributes not only to the growing historiography about the UNIA at grassroots level, but also to discussions about the militarisation of black protest during World War I and in the 1920s, including the use of self-defence and paramilitary-style tactics by people of African descent in the United States.

Accent Identification in RP, CE, and GA By Native and Non-Native English Speakers

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Reid
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prior Exposure ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Canadian English ◽  
The North ◽  
Accent Recognition ◽  
The Difference

This study was conducted in order to determine various groups’ accuracy in identifying three major standard English accents. The main purpose of the experiment that was performed was to determine how well speakers familiar with these accents could tell them apart from other accents. It focused on comparing the test subjects’ recognition of Canadian English pronunciation with General American pronunciations. Received Pronunciation was used as a control as it is generally considered to differ much more from the standard North American varieties than they differ from one another.Within North America, the 'standard' accents of Canada and the US are quite similar. So similar, that one of the experiment’s hypotheses is that that despite being identified by linguists as different, many native speakers of the two dialects would have difficulty telling the difference themselves. The differences in the features of Canadian English (CE) and General American (GA) have been identified and studied by linguists before, but what this experiment sought to determine was the degree to which speakers of these dialects could tell them apart purely through listening.Canada is given some degree of stigma from the United States for its dialect, and has had fun poked at it for such Canadianisms as the use of 'eh?' and Canadian Raising- Americans will exaggerate the difference when illustrating it, saying “aboot” [ə'but] for about [əˈbʌʊt]. But how well can they perceive the difference when not already informed about the speaker's origins?An online survey was prepared, with audio clips or words in isolation and sentences, spoken by speakers of GA, CE, and RP, specifically using words that exhibited features that vary between the accents. This allowed us to examine subjects’ degree of recognition with, and without prosody, and to analyze the degree to which prosody affects accent recognition. In order to better determine how prior exposure influences accent recognition, the subjects were broken down into three groups: Native speakers of Canadian English, native speakers of American English and ESL speakers who had had prior exposure to Canadian English.One of the main findings of this experiment is that more than 80% of American respondents recognized their own national standard accent, and around 67% recognized the Canadian accent; while only 62% of the Canadian respondents recognized the Canadian accent accurately. Compared to Canadians, Americans were better at telling the North American varieties of spoken English apart.

Civil War Monuments and the Militarization of America

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
World War I ◽  
Military Service ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Fund Raising ◽  
Civilian Life ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Cultural Form ◽  
The North

This sweeping new assessment of Civil War monuments unveiled in the United States between the 1860s and 1930s argues that they were pivotal to a national embrace of military values. Americans' wariness of standing armies limited construction of war memorials in the early republic, Thomas J. Brown explains, and continued to influence commemoration after the Civil War. As large cities and small towns across the North and South installed an astonishing range of statues, memorial halls, and other sculptural and architectural tributes to Civil War heroes, communities debated the relationship of military service to civilian life through fund-raising campaigns, artistic designs, oratory, and ceremonial practices. Brown shows that distrust of standing armies gave way to broader enthusiasm for soldiers in the Gilded Age. Some important projects challenged the trend, but many Civil War monuments proposed new norms of discipline and vigor that lifted veterans to a favored political status and modeled racial and class hierarchies. A half century of Civil War commemoration reshaped remembrance of the American Revolution and guided American responses to World War I. This book provides the most comprehensive overview of the American war memorial as a cultural form and reframes the national debate over Civil War monuments that remain potent presences on the civic landscape.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis Of Humanization Present In Nursing Assistance Between Brazil And New York: A Lived Experience

10.3823/2380 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianka Pereira Evangelista ◽  
Elicarlos Marques Nunes ◽  
Ana Paula Suassuna Veras Barreto ◽  
Andréia Rayanne Queroz de Sousa ◽  
Francisca Lima dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Nursing Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Care Process ◽  
The North ◽  
Us Government ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Work Done

Objetive: The study is an experience report, with the objective of reporting differences in the humanization present in nursing care between a Brazilian city and two cities of the United States of America, highlighting the potentialities and fragility of care provided in both cities frequented by students of Patos Integrated College - FIP. Method: The study was based on the exchange linked to the Bounce project, funded by the US government, which took place between May 21 and June 20, 2015, and was attended by 8 (eight) FIP scholars from Paraíba, Brazil. Through the study it was possible to perform a comparative analysis between the Brazilian hospital reality, seen in the FIP curriculum internship field, through the Deputy Janduhy Carneiro Regional Hospital, located in the municipality of Patos - Paraíba, Brazil, and the North American, evidenced by the visit to the hospitals of Hudson and New Paltz. Results: It was observed that the difference in care is in the humanization present in the Brazilian nursing care process. It is noteworthy the great work done by these professionals, who are not only concerned with technical-scientific efficiency, but with humanized assistance, based on ethical, moral, affection and for mutual respect precepts. Comparing the assistance provided in the two realities, we observed in our country a predominantly humanistic, rather than mechanical, assistance. Therefore, it is concluded that it is fundamental to seek tools that improve our Health System, consequently, providing benefits both for professionals, as well as for the users assisted. Conclusion: In this way, it can be said that humanization does not depend only on technological resources to be shared. Keywords: Nursing care. Humanization. Hospital.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document