Probabilistic modeling of ambient noise in single-cell omics data

Droplet-based single-cell omics, including single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq), single cell CRISPR perturbations (e.g., CROP-seq) and single-cell protein and transcriptomic profiling (e.g., CITE-seq) hold great promise for comprehensive cell profiling and genetic screening at the single cell resolution, yet these technologies suffer from substantial noise, among which ambient signals present in the cell suspension may be the predominant source. Current efforts to address this issue are highly specific to a certain technology, while a universal model to describe the noise across these technologies may reveal this common source thereby improving the denoising accuracy. To this end, we explicitly examined these unexpected signals and observed a predictable pattern in multiple datasets across different technologies. Based on the finding, we developed single cell Ambient Remover (scAR) which uses probabilistic deep learning to deconvolute the observed signals into native and ambient composition. scAR provides an efficient and universal solution to count denoising for multiple types of single-cell omics data, including single cell CRISPR screens, CITE-seq and scRNAseq. It will facilitate the application of single-cell omics technologies.

First Carpometacarpal Joint Anatomy and Osteoarthritis: MR Imaging Overview

The first carpometacarpal (CMC) joint consists of seven ligaments. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination of the first CMC joint should be performed in a high field 1.5/3 T MRI with a dedicated hand coil for high-resolution images. Degeneration of anterior oblique ligament (AOL) is the most important cause for the development of osteoarthritis of first CMC joint. Since the AOL undergoes a predictable pattern of alteration at its metacarpal attachment as degeneration proceeds, MRI imaging can provide an accurate assessment of this ligament.

Unconventional Endodontics for the Aesthetic Rehabilitation of Fractured, Discolored and Rotated Maxillary Central Incisor

Management of traumatic injuries to the teeth is a challenge to the practicing dentist. It has no prescriptive method for occurring, possesses no significant predictable pattern of intensity or extensiveness and occurring at times when dentists are least prepared for it. Ninety-two percent of traumatic injuries results in fracture of maxillary permanent central incisors because of its protrusive and anterior positioning. The young permanent maxillary central incisor root canal chamber is large and tapered. This case report describes the management of Ellis Class III fractured tooth in a young permanent maxillary central incisor by an innovative clinical procedure. Keywords: tooth fracture, cast post core, trauma, metal ceramic

Genetic data from the extinct giant rat from Tenerife (Canary Islands) points to a recent divergence from mainland relatives

Evolution of vertebrate endemics in oceanic islands follows a predictable pattern, known as the island rule, according to which gigantism arises in originally small-sized species and dwarfism in large ones. Species of extinct insular giant rodents are known from all over the world. In the Canary Islands, two examples of giant rats, † Canariomys bravoi and † Canariomys tamarani , endemic to Tenerife and Gran Canaria, respectively, disappeared soon after human settlement. The highly derived morphological features of these insular endemic rodents hamper the reconstruction of their evolutionary histories. We have retrieved partial nuclear and mitochondrial data from † C. bravoi and used this information to explore its evolutionary affinities. The resulting dated phylogeny confidently places † C. bravoi within the African grass rat clade ( Arvicanthis niloticus ). The estimated divergence time, 650 000 years ago (95% higher posterior densities: 373 000–944 000), points toward an island colonization during the Günz–Mindel interglacial stage. † Canariomys bravoi ancestors would have reached the island via passive rafting and then underwent a yearly increase of mean body mass calculated between 0.0015 g and 0.0023 g; this corresponds to fast evolutionary rates (in darwins (d), ranging from 7.09 d to 2.78 d) that are well above those observed for non-insular mammals.

Built to Scale: A Corpus-Based Analysis of Adjective Scales in the Mcgill Pain Questionnaire

Modern medical diagnosis relies on precise pain assessment tools in translating clinical information from patient to physician. The McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) is a clinical pain assessment technique that utilizes 78 adjectives of different intensities in 20 categories to quantify a patient’s pain. The questionnaire’s efficacy depends on a predictable pattern of adjective use by patients experiencing pain. In this study, I recreate the MPQ’s adjective intensity orderings using data gathered from patient forums and modern NLP techniques. I extract adjective intensity relationships by searching for key linguistic contexts, and then combine the relationship information to form robust adjective scales. Of 17 adjective relationships predicted by this research, only 4 diverge from the MPQ’s orderings, which is statistically significant at the 0.1 alpha level. The results suggest predictable patterns of adjective use by people experiencing pain, but call into question the MPQ’s categories for grouping adjectives.

Predictable Patterns and Their Corresponding Signal Sources of Midsummer Surface Air Temperature Over Eastern China in the ECMWF S2S Forecasts

The maximum signal-to-noise empirical orthogonal function (MSN EOF) method is used to evaluate the midsummer 2-m air temperature (T2m) over Eastern China of subseasonal to seasonal scale forecast data in ECMWF model, and investigate the underlying mechanisms between temperature modes and predictable sources. The first predictable pattern mainly presents the dipole mode of positive value in the south and negative value in the north. The model captures the signal of the transition from preceding El Niño to La Niña and accompanying tropical Indian Ocean warm surface temperature. In the summer of transforming years, the West Pacific Subtropical High is stronger and westward, meanwhile the southwest monsoon strengthens, which are the main direct influence factors of the high pressure in the south and the more precipitation in the north. Compared with observations, although the model captures the relationship between the temperature mode and the previous sea surface temperature signal, it obscures the mediating role of the Western Pacific Subtropical High. The second predictable pattern is the warmer characteristic of the Yangtze River valley (YRV), and North Atlantic Oscillation which the atmospheric internal variability is the main signal. The wave train propagating from northwestern Russia to Northeast Asia is the main cause of the abnormal high pressure over YRV. The third mode is mainly the temperature trend item, and the spatial characteristics of observation and model are quite different. ECMWF model shows high forecasting skills in the three modes, and presents high (low) surface pressure in areas with high (lower) temperatures, reduced (increased) precipitation and increased (reduced) solar radiation, which proving the model simulates the potential mechanism of circulation anomalies affecting surface air temperature commendably.

Tipping the Scales: A Corpus-Based Reconstruction of Adjective Scales in the McGill Pain Questionnaire

Modern medical diagnosis relies on precise pain assessment tools in translating clinical information from patient to physician. The McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) is a clinical pain assessment technique that utilizes 78 adjectives of different intensities in 20 categories to quantify a patient’s pain. The questionnaire’s efficacy depends on a predictable pattern of adjective use by patients experiencing pain. In this study, I recreate the MPQ’s adjective intensity orderings using data gathered from patient forums and modern NLP techniques. I extract adjective intensity relationships by searching for key linguistic contexts, and then combine the relationship information to form robust adjective scales. Of 17 adjective relationships predicted by this research, 10 show agreement with the MPQ, which is statistically significant at the .5 alpha level. The results suggest predictable patterns of adjective use by people experiencing pain, but call into question the MPQ’s categories for grouping adjectives.

Iceland: Political Change and Coalition Politics

The chapter surveys coalition formation and coalition governance in Iceland since the 1990s. Coalition politics have been altered in a significant manner during this time period with many of the changes coinciding with the economic crash of 2008. Up to the crises, coalition governance followed a fairly predictable pattern but increased electoral volatility and decline in party cohesion complicated the formation of stable two-party coalitions. In response to these developments, governments have sought to improve coalitions management and coordination within the cabinet, which represents a shift from the ministerial model of government that has characterized Icelandic coalitions since the founding of the republic.

The Mystery behind Relaxation Therapy: Adieu to Premenstrual Syndrome

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a very common condition leading to physical, emotional, and psychological distress in females during their reproductive years. Researchers found that as many three of every four menstruating women have experienced some form of PMS. Although the severity of this problem is great, a lot of confusion exists in both medical and lay communities about what is and is not effective for the treatment of PMS. It has a wide variety of signs and symptoms and it may tend to recur in a predictable pattern. The physical and emotional changes experienced with PMS may vary from just slightly noticeable to very intense. Lifestyle adjustments in every kind can help to reduce or manage the signs and symptoms of PMS. Apart from all these, one of the most beneficial methods to reduce the difficulties of PMS is relaxation therapy which includes meditation, visualization, autogenic, Tai Chi, hydrotherapy, exercise, massage, aromatherapy, biofeedback, relaxation breathing, progressive muscle relaxation (Jacobson’s progressive relaxation therapy and The Mitchells progressive relaxation therapy) and yoga. Thus when remedies are available why not we celebrate the inborn power of relieving PMS in women.