Organizing Information : The Language Of Science

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Headrick
Keyword(s):  
Botanical Garden ◽  
East Indies ◽  
History Of Botany ◽  
Language Of Science ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Personal Physician ◽  
University Town ◽  
The University ◽  
Carl Von Linné

In June 1735, The Twenty-Eight-Year-Old Carl Von Linné, Known To US as Linnaeus (1707–1778), arrived in the Netherlands to obtain a doctorate. He headed for Harderwijk, a little university town known for its instant degrees. After a few formalities, he presented his thesis, which he had brought with him from Sweden. Six days after arriving, he was awarded a doctor of medicine degree. Though Linnaeus was undoubtedly eager to get his degree, the real purpose of his trip was to meet other botanists. Before arriving, he had already lectured at the University of Uppsala in Sweden and had traveled to Lapland—then as remote and exotic as Siberia or North America—to seek plants unknown to botanists. He chose Holland because it was the home of the great naturalist Hermann Boerhaave(1668-1738), superintendent of the botanical garden at Leiden. With colonies in Brazil, the Caribbean, South Africa, and the East Indies, Holland was the European center for botanical studies. Linnaeus did not arrive empty-handed; he carried a short manuscript entitled Systema naturae (The system of nature), containing his ideas on the reformation of botany. Boerhaave was so impressed that he urged Linnaeus to join an expedition to southern Africa and the Americas, promising him a professorship at Leiden on his return. Linnaeus declined the offer but accepted another that was even better. George Clifford, a wealthy merchant, had filled his estate with the most extensive collection of plants in Holland and even a zoo. He invited young Linnaeus to become his personal physician and superintendent of his garden, with a large salary, a huge budget, and luxurious living accommodations. In the three years he spent in Holland, Linnaeus not only reorganized Clifford’s garden but also published fourteen works in quick succession. The first were Fundamenta botanica and Bibliotheca botanica, dealing with the history of botany up to that time. Systema naturae, also published in 1735, divided nature into three kingdoms—animal, vegetable, and mineral—and presented a method of classifying the plant kingdom by class, order, genus, and species.

scholarly journals Botany at Stefan Batory University in Vilna (Wilno, Vilnius) (1919–1939)

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 93-137
Author(s):  
Alicja Zemanek ◽  
Piotr Köhler
Keyword(s):  
Plant Physiology ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Plant Taxonomy ◽  
History Museum ◽  
History Of Botany ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University

The university in Vilna (in Polish: Wilno, now: Vilnius, Lithuania), founded in 1579, by Stefan Batory (Stephen Báthory), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, was a centre of Polish botany in 1780–1832 and 1919–1939. In the latter period the university functioned under the Polish name Uniwersytet Stefana Batorego (in English: Stefan Batory University). It comprised six departments connected with botany (General Botany, Pharmacognosy and Cultivation of Medicinal Plants, Plant Taxonomy, Botanical Garden, Garden of Medicinal Plants, and Natural History Museum). There worked such distinguished scientists, as: Jakub Mowszowicz (1901–1983), phytogeographer and phytosociologist; Jan Muszyński (1884–1957), botanist and pharmacist; Bronisław Szakien (1890–1938), cytologist and mycologist; Piotr Wiśniewski (1881––1971), physiologist; and Józef Trzebiński (1867–1941), mycologist and phytopathologist. Ca. 300 publications (including ca. 100 scientific ones) were printed in the period investigated, dealing mainly with morphology and anatomy, cytology, plant physiology, floristics (floristic geography of plants), systematics (taxonomy) of vascular plants, mycology and phytopathology, ecology of plant communities (phytosociology), as well as ethnobotany, and history of botany. Stefan Batory University was also an important centre of teaching and popularization of botany in that region of Europe. The aim of the article is to describe the history of botany at the Stefan Batory University in 1919–1939. Botanika na Uniwersytecie Stefana Batorego w Wilnie (Vilna, Vilnius) (1919–1939) Abstrakt Uniwersytet w Wilnie (w języku angielskim: Vilna, obecnie: Vilnius w Republice Litewskiej), założony w 1579 r. przez Stefana Batorego, króla Polski i wielkiego księcia Litwy, był ośrodkiem polskiej botaniki w latach 1780–1832 oraz 1919–1939. W tym ostatnim okresie funkcjonował pod nazwą Uniwersytet Stefana Batorego (w języku angielskim: Stefan Batory University). W latach 1919–1939 zorganizowano następujące zakłady związane z botaniką: Botaniki Ogólnej, Farmakognozji i Hodowli Roślin Lekarskich, Systematyki Roślin, Ogród Botaniczny, Ogród Roślin Lekarskich oraz Muzeum Przyrodnicze. W ośrodku wileńskim pracowali wybitni uczeni, m.in. Jakub Mowszowicz (1901–1983), fitogeograf i fitosocjolog; Jan Muszyński (1884–1957), botanik i farmaceuta; Bronisław Szakien (1890–1938), cytolog i mykolog; Piotr Wiśniewski (1881–1971), fizjolog oraz Józef Trzebiński (1867–1941), mykolog i fitopatolog. Badacze roślin ogłosili drukiem ok. 300 publikacji (w tym ok. 100 naukowych) dotyczących głównie morfologii i anatomii, cytologii, fizjologii roślin, florystyki (florystycznej geografii roślin), systematyki (taksonomii) roślin naczyniowych, mykologii i fitopatologii, ekologii zbiorowisk roślinnych (fitosocjologii), a także etnobotaniki i historii botaniki. Uniwersytet Stefana Batorego był również ważnym ośrodkiem nauczania i popularyzacji botaniki w tym regionie Europy. Celem artykułu jest opracowanie historii botaniki na Uniwersytecie Stefana Batorego w latach 1919–1939.

Adam Zalužanský’s “De sexu plantarum” (1592): an early pioneering chapter on plant sexuality

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Funk
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
English Translation ◽  
History Of Botany ◽  
Main Work ◽  
Botanical History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
First Time

In the history of botany, Adam Zalužanský (d. 1613), a Bohemian physician, apothecary, botanist and professor at the University of Prague, is a little-known personality. Linnaeus's first biographers, for example, only knew Zalužanský from hearsay and suspected he was a native of Poland. This ignorance still pervades botanical history. Zalužanský is mentioned only peripherally or not at all. As late as the nineteenth century, a researcher would be unaware that Zalužanský’s main work Methodi herbariae libri tres actually existed in two editions from two different publishers (1592, Prague; 1604, Frankfurt). This paper introduces the life and work of Zalužanský. Special attention is paid to the chapter “De sexu plantarum” of Zalužanský’s Methodus, in which, more than one hundred years before the well-known De sexu plantarum epistola of R. J. Camerarius, the sexuality of plants is suggested. Additionally, for the first time, an English translation of Zalužanský’s chapter on plant sexuality is provided.

Martin Luther and the Saxon Electors

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjorie Elizabeth Plummer
Keyword(s):  
Adult Life ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Confessional Identity ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Scholarly Attention

Although born in the territory of the Counts of Mansfield, Luther’s connection to Saxony began early. He attended school in Eisenach (1498–1501), located in electoral Saxony, and enrolled in university (1501–1505) and later entered the Augustinian monastery (1505–1508) in Erfurt, an independent city with close economic and political ties to Saxony. Luther’s association with Saxony and its electors, however, was sealed with his 1508 arrival at the University of Wittenberg, followed by his return to Wittenberg in 1511, where he was to reside for the most remainder of his adult life. His relationship with the rulers in Ernestine and Albertine Saxony and their reaction to his reform movement proved fundamental to Luther’s life and career, just as Luther has become inextricably linked to the history of Saxony and Wittenberg. Scholars have concentrated on Luther’s interactions with the elector of Saxony Frederick III, “the Wise” (1463–1525, r. 1486–1525), during the early Reformation. Less scholarly attention has been paid to the relationship between Luther and the electors of Saxony during the reign of Frederick’s brother John the Steadfast (1468–1532, r. 1525–1532) and nephew John Frederick (1503–1554, r. 1532–1547), despite the vital role that these rulers played during the development of the new confessional identity. Discussions of Luther’s interaction with these Saxon electors were featured in 16th-century publications and art as well as early histories of the Reformation and of Saxony. Over the course of subsequent centuries, the relationship between Luther and the Ernestine electors has become central to the story of the Reformation and to Saxon history.

The Influence of Leyden on Botany in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

1962 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T. Stearn
Keyword(s):  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Botanic Gardens ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
Influence Spread ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Continuous Record ◽  
History Of ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
International University ◽  
The University

SynopsisThe University of Leyden was founded in 1575 as the reward of the city's endurance of the Spanish siege in 1574. Its influence on botany in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is part of its far-reaching influence during this period on medicine, to which botany was then ancillary. In this it was the successor of Montpellier and Padua. The first university founded after the Reformation to practise and maintain religious tolerance towards its students, Leyden became the great international university of Europe, drawing students from Scandinavia, Germany, Switzerland and France, from all parts of the British Isles and the British American colonies (roughly 4,000 English-speaking students between 1600 and 1750) and even from Barbados, Jamaica and Constantinople. It offered facilities for higher education then denied, for example, to dissenters in England or else not available, as in Scandinavia. Owing to this religious tolerance in an age of intolerance and also to the personal eminence of a succession of professors, its influence spread widely. Directly and indirectly, Leyden made its greatest contribution to botany and medicine through the work and personality of Herman Boerhaave (1668–1738) and led to the founding or restoration of botanic gardens at Edinburgh, Göttingen, Uppsala and Vienna. Beginning with Clusius, its influence upon botany may be traced through Hermann and Boerhaave to Haller, Linnaeus, Lettsom and others. No other university has a more sustained and continuous record of service to botany and medicine during these two centuries than Leyden. This paper also touches upon the history of other universities.

scholarly journals THE EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSITY SPACE IN KYIV (the history of the first facilities of the university of st. Volodymyr)

2017 ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Taras Samchuk
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Poor Students ◽  
City Space ◽  
University Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lease Contracts ◽  
The University ◽  
The City

The history of the first facilities of st. Vladimir University and its situation in the city in 1830-40s were not in the centre of special research before. That’s why the first period of the university existing can’t be fully described. For this reason, the aim of the study is to highlight the history of the first leased buildings of st. Vladimir University in the context of the formation of university space. The term “university space” will be applied to describe all the facilities of the university. This multi-concept will be specifically used to research the university’s physical space (the area of university buildings). This article is a part of series of articles dedicated to the early stage of existence of the university in Kyiv. This series of articles is the first attempt to describe university space in Kyiv by locating university facilities in the city space. This is the first step of reconstructing of the university life in Kyiv and studying out what features of university and city communication were in that time. The last stage of university space expansion during the first period of its existence was highlighted in the article. Particular attention was paid to the details of buildings construction. Information about the owners of facilities was also given in the article. Places of the situation of university facilities in the city space of Kyiv were highlighted in this research. The main attention was paid to the details of the buildings of students’ hospital, university’s church, house of poor students, units of the botanical garden and medical faculty facilities. A lot of archived and cartographical sources were used for this purpose. The unknown archived documents were used in the article. The study analyzed details of lease contracts of employment of homes for St. Vladimir University. The article indicates which collections and departments were located in each of the leased buildings. The main conclusions show that university covered big yards not only buildings. The facilities of the university were located next to the administrative centre of the city close to the most prestigious district of Kyiv ‒ Lypky, and Pechersk. St. Vladimir University started to expand very quickly, that’s why a lot of new facilities were leased during the first period of its history. The University expanded not only into the city’s physical space but also become very influent in creating of Kyiv cultural space.

Heidelberg

2018 ◽  
pp. 55-67
Author(s):  
Robert E. Lerner
Keyword(s):  
Family Business ◽  
Main Field ◽  
History Of Economics ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
University Town ◽  
The University

This chapter details events following Ernst Kantorowicz's arrival in Heidelberg in late September 1919. On October 3, he had matriculated at the university. As a teenager he had visited the picturesque university town on the Neckar where his sister Soscha was one of a group of committed young intellectuals: Friedrich Gundolf, Arthur Salz, Fine Sobotka, and Erich Kahler. Kantorowicz's main field of studies remained economics. Evidently he was still preparing for a career in the family business, or at least holding that out as an option. However, more indicative of his real interests were his “special subjects”: history of economics, geography, and Arabic philology.

Cardinal Wolsey and Cambridge

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-292
Author(s):  
Susan Wabuda
Keyword(s):  
University Of Cambridge ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of The University ◽  
The University

AbstractCardinal Thomas Wolsey has seldom been associated with the University of Cambridge. But in a little-known episode, he was invited to follow John Fisher as chancellor of the University of Cambridge in 1514. Although Wolsey declined, his willingness to protect Cambridge’s evangelicals, even after he burned Martin Luther’s books in 1521, has been an overlooked phase in the history of the university and in the Reformation in England.

scholarly journals Botanical Garden of the University of Oslo, Norway

2015 ◽  
pp. 15-32
Author(s):  
Axel Dalberg Poulsen
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
History Museum ◽  
Current Information ◽  
History Of ◽  
University Of Oslo ◽  
The University ◽  
Visitor Numbers

The Botanical Garden in Oslo was established in 1814 and is the oldest part of the Natural History Museum, one of the two museums of the University of Oslo. To celebrate the bicentenary, the Museum decided to launch an ambitious programme of events covering the entire year and adding several new permanent assets. This paper provides a brief history of and current information about the Garden and describes the previously existing and new features, along with a map of the Garden. The bicentenary celebrations raised the profile of the Garden enormously in Norway, and it experienced a huge increase in visitor numbers as well as extensive media coverage. The increased popularity of the Garden and the expected future rise in population in the neighbouring suburbs simultaneously challenge the Garden to satisfy the need for green space as well as providing scientifically based information which reinforces the importance of plants.

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