Attalia

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde E. Fant ◽  
Mitchell G. Reddish
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
The North ◽  
The Status ◽  
Byzantine Era ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Tourist Center ◽  
Modern Turkey ◽  
The City

Antalya, the modern name for ancient Attalia, is a delightful city perched on the Mediterranean coast of southern Turkey. The eleventh largest city in modern Turkey, Antalya is a thriving tourist center. Although many visitors to the city use it as a base for visiting beaches along Turkey’s Mediterranean coast or archaeological sites in nearby locations, Antalya has plenty of charm and interest of its own. Attalia was a city in the region known as Pamphylia, an area bounded by the Taurus Mountains on the north and the Mediterranean Sea on the south. Situated on what is now called the Gulf of Antalya, the city served as the major port in Pamphylia during Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine times. Attalus II, who was king of Pergamum from 159 to 138 B.C.E., founded the city and named it after himself. When Attalus III (r. 138–133 B.C.E.) bequeathed the Pergamum kingdom to Rome in his will, Attalia was one of the areas excluded and thus became a free city for a while. In 77 B.C.E. Attalia was annexed by the Romans. During the 2nd century C.E. Emperor Hadrian conferred the status of colony on the city and visited Attalia in 130 C.E. The Hadrian Gate was built to commemorate this visit. Dedicated to the emperor, the triple-arched gate was made of marble and contained a dedicatory inscription in bronze letters. During the Byzantine era the city was known as Adalia and continued to serve as an important port city. Used by the Crusaders as a harbor on their way to the Holy Land, the city was conquered by the Seljuk Turks in 1207. The Seljuks left their mark upon the city by means of several buildings, some of which still decorate the city’s landscape. Around the end of the 14th century, the Ottomans gained control of the city. During this period Antalya continued to flourish and serve as an important harbor on the Mediterranean. When the Allies dismantled the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I, Antalya was given to Italy, only to be retaken by the Turkish army in 1921.

The Jewish Community of Late Byzantine Thessalonica: the Problem of Determining Its Status

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7 (105)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Natalia Zhigalova
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Community ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
The Status ◽  
Byzantine Period ◽  
Byzantine Era ◽  
The City ◽  
The Church

In this article, the author turns to an examination of the status of the Jewish community in Thessalonica in the late Byzantine period. The author concludes that both in the Byzantine era and during the Venetian rule in Thessalonica, the Jewish community of the city was subjected to numerous restrictions and prohibitions on the part of the official authorities. The reason for this was the initial isolation of the community, as well as the fact that the Jews, in contrast to the rest of the townspeople, owned vast financial resources and rented trading floors, ousting local entrepreneurs from there. The Jewish community in Thessalonica, quite numerous by the standards of contemporaries, in the XIV and XV centuries was in a state of permanent conflict with the church authorities of the city and, probably, had some influence on the communities of Judaizing Christians.

Industry in the Urban Space of Pre-industrial Cherepovets, 1880–1940s

2020 ◽  
pp. 195-209
Author(s):  
Anna Agafonova
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
World War ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
The Status ◽  
Potential Formation ◽  
The City ◽  
The Revolution

The article is devoted to the analysis of the industrial development dynamics in Cherepovets in the late imperial period, during the revolution, the establishment of Soviet power and the first Five-Year Plans of industrialization. The purpose of the study is to reconstruct Cherepovets industrialization in the context of the urban space development in the 1880–1940s before the construction of a metallurgical plant and gaining the status of an industrial center. In the 1880–1940s Cherepovets industry mainly served the needs of the city and the governorate. Small industries dominated in the city. They were located on the city outskirts, as well as near local rivers. The present research is based on materials taken from the archives of the Cherepovets Museum Association, the Cherepovets Documentation Storage Center, the Russian State Historical Archive, and from official state statistics and periodicals. The analysis of these documents allowed the author to study the dynamics of Cherepovets industry development. The article states that developmental peaks that were associated with a quantitative increase in factories and plants in the city and that occurred on the eve and in the first years of World War I, as well as in the second Five-Year Plan of Soviet industrialization. The decline in industrial production was influenced by political events related to the end of World War I, the revolution, the civil war, and the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War. They had a decisive influence on the economy of the country and the city. In the period under the study the urban space grew due to the expansion of urban outskirts, where industrial enterprises were built, and the inclusion of neighboring villages in the urban area. The results obtained in the study are significant for understanding the processes of the industrial potential formation in Soviet industrial centers, as well as for the subsequent studies devoted to the development of socioenvironmental urban problems caused by industrialization.

The ‘Hearth of Domestication’? Transitions to Farming in South-West Asia

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme Barker
Keyword(s):  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
North West ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Anatolian Plateau ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Western Side ◽  
The Persian Gulf

The principal focus of this chapter is the classic zone of early farming research from the 1960s onwards, the so-called ‘hilly flanks of the Fertile Crescent’ in South-West Asia (Fig. 4.1). This region is normally defined as the arc of hill country to the west of the Syrian desert and to the north and east of the Tigris and Euphrates valleys. The western side of the arc begins east of the Nile in the Sinai and the Gulf of Arabah on the southern border of Israel and Jordan; it continues northwards as the hill country on either side of the Jordan rift valley in Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, western Jordan, and western Syria (the so-called ‘Levantine corridor’); and extends westwards to the Mediterranean littoral. The northern sector is formed by the Taurus mountains along the southern edge of the Anatolian plateau, which curve eastwards from the Mediterranean coast in northern Syria to form the present-day Syrian–Turkish border. The eastern sector consists of the Zagros mountains, running south-eastwards from eastern Turkey and north-west Iran to the Persian Gulf, forming the Iraq–Iran border for most of their length, and continuing in south-west Iran beyond the Persian Gulf towards the Straits of Hormuz. The region also embraces adjacent zones: the alluvial plains of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and the vast tracts of steppe and desert country separating them from the Levantine, Taurus, and Zagros upland systems; the Anatolian plateau to the north of the Taurus, within modern Turkey; and the Iranian plateau east of the Zagros, within modern Iran. The archaeological literature commonly uses the term Near East to describe the main region of interest, with the Levant for its western side (a term also used in this chapter), and South-West Asia for the eastern side, but the entire region is more correctly termed South-West Asia. The upland areas of the region mostly receive more than 200 millimetres of rainfall a year, which is the minimum required for growing cereals without irrigation. Rainfall decreases drastically moving out into the steppe and desert zones.

Ino-Leukothea between East and West

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margalit Finkelberg
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Complex Network ◽  
Near East ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Native Population ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
East And West ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Of Greece

AbstractUntil recently it has generally been taken for granted that cultural contacts between the Aegean and the Near East invariably proceeded in one direction, from East to West. It seems, however, that recent archaeological discoveries are about to change this picture. As these discoveries demonstrate, with the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization some Bronze Age populations of Greece migrated to the Levant and settled along the Mediterranean coast from Tarsos in the north to Ashkelon in the south, eventually to be assimilated into the native population. This fact suggests a much more complex network of relations between the Aegean and the Near East than the simple one-sided cultural dependence which has usually been postulated.

scholarly journals On the moroccan tsunami catalogue

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1227-1236 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Kaabouben ◽  
M. A. Baptista ◽  
A. Iben Brahim ◽  
A. El Mouraouah ◽  
A. Toto
Keyword(s):  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Tsunami Hazard ◽  
The West ◽  
Source Areas ◽  
Western Africa ◽  
The North ◽  
Tsunami Hazard Assessment ◽  
The Mediterranean

Abstract. A primary tool for regional tsunami hazard assessment is a reliable historical and instrumental catalogue of events. Morocco by its geographical situation, with two marine sides, stretching along the Atlantic coast to the west and along the Mediterranean coast to the north, is the country of Western Africa most exposed to the risk of tsunamis. Previous information on tsunami events affecting Morocco are included in the Iberian and/or the Mediterranean lists of tsunami events, as it is the case of the European GITEC Tsunami Catalogue, but there is a need to organize this information in a dataset and to assess the likelihood of claimed historical tsunamis in Morocco. Due to the fact that Moroccan sources are scarce, this compilation rely on historical documentation from neighbouring countries (Portugal and Spain) and so the compatibility between the new tsunami catalogue presented here and those that correspond to the same source areas is also discussed.

scholarly journals Armenian Church of the Holy Mother of God in Chisinau

Arta ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
Sergius Ciocanu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Historic Monument ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Military ◽  
The City ◽  
The Temple

The documents attest the presence of an Armenian community in Chisinau since the ‘30s of the 18th century. In the 18th century, the Chisinau Armenians had a place of worship, located on the site of the present Armenian Church, in the “heart” of the city, on the first street parallel to the north-east side of the market square. In 1774, among the Chisinau Armenians, the priest Musuz was mentioned, who served in the Armenian Church. The temple was badly damaged by the fire that engulfed Chisinau during the military operations of 1788. The earthquake destroyed this place of worship on October 14, 1802. In 1803-1804, it was rebuilt in the same place. The construction manager and, possibly, the architect of the holy place, was master Vardan from Iaşi. According to the statistical documents of 1809, three priests and four deacons served in the Armenian church. The cemetery of Armenian community was located near the old Orthodox cemetery of the Mazarache church. However, some more important burials were also done in the churchyard of the Armenian church. During the XIX-XX centuries, the church underwent many alterations and renovations, which changed its appearance. In 1993, by the decision of the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova, this valuable building of Chisinau was given the status of historic monument.

scholarly journals Doświadczenia Suwałk z pierwszej i drugiej wojny światowej

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halina Łach
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
District Office ◽  
The North ◽  
Western Side ◽  
The City ◽  
East Prussia ◽  
Second World

Before the First and Second World Wars, Suwałki was situated in the extreme northern border area. Due to their geographic location, they experienced the dramatic effects of both wars. Before the outbreak of World War I, it was the capital of the Suwałki’s Governorate in the northern part of the Kingdom of Poland under Russian rule. The area of the Governorate was delimited in the west by the Russian-Prussian border. After the end of the war and Poland’s independence regaining, Suwałki became part of the Second Polish Republic. They became the seat of the Suwałki’s District Office of the lying within the Białystok voivodeship in the north of the country. The district bordered on German East Prussia in the west, and with Lithuania in the north and east. The city located near the Prussian border was of great military importance. In the event of a war with the German Empire, the Suwałki’s Governorate was treated by the Russians as a protection zone from the western side and as a foreground for the concentration of troops and an attack deep into East Prussia. In the Second Polish Republic, the Suwałki Region was a buffer zone between Lithuania and German East Prussia. It also created the conditions for planning a flanking attack on one or the other enemy. Both world wars left their mark on the everyday life of the city and its inhabitants. After the Russians were forced out, Suwałki and the Suwałki Region found themselves under German occupation. The occupiers exploited the area and population economically until the end of the war. However, during the Second World War, the Suwałki Region was incorporated into the German Reich and from the first days the Germans started to exterminate the population physically.

scholarly journals Telmatogeton Schiner, 1866 (Chironomidae: Diptera), a newly recorded genus of chironomid larva for the Egyptian Mediterranean Fauna

2019 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-300
Author(s):  
Khaled Mahmoud Abdelsalam
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Chironomid Larva ◽  
Filamentous Green Algae ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Fouling Organisms ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City

Abstract Sampling of fouling organisms carried out during January 2019 at Al-Max (west of the city of Alexandria) on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt revealed the presence of larval populations belonging to the genus Telmatogeton (Chironomidae), which is reported for the first time from the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. The larvae were found among clumps of fine filamentous green algae (Enteromorpha compressa). A description of the larva with taxonomic remarks and comments on its ecology and geographical distribution are given.

scholarly journals Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean Vol. XII (FORTMED2020)

X ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Navarro Palazón ◽  
Luis José García-Pulido
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Research Council ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
International Conference ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The City

FORTMED 2020 is the fifth edition of the International Conference on Fortifications of the Mediterranean Coast. The Conference has been held in March 26th, 27th and 28th 2020 in Granada (Spain), at the Laboratory of Archaeology and Architecture of the City (Laboratorio de Arqueología y Arquitectura de la Ciudad, LAAC) of the School of Arabic Studies (Escuela de Estudios Árabes, EEA), a research centre that belongs to the Spanish National Research Council (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC). The main objective of FORTMED conferences is to exchange and share knowledge for a better understanding, assessment, management and exploitation of the built Cultural Heritage. The focus is on defensive architecture in the Mediterranean area, from the Antiquity to the present day, although it does not exclude other fortifications built overseas but high influenced by those on the Mediterranean.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document