Industry in the Urban Space of Pre-industrial Cherepovets, 1880–1940s

2020 ◽  
pp. 195-209
Author(s):  
Anna Agafonova
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
World War ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
The Status ◽  
Potential Formation ◽  
The City ◽  
The Revolution

The article is devoted to the analysis of the industrial development dynamics in Cherepovets in the late imperial period, during the revolution, the establishment of Soviet power and the first Five-Year Plans of industrialization. The purpose of the study is to reconstruct Cherepovets industrialization in the context of the urban space development in the 1880–1940s before the construction of a metallurgical plant and gaining the status of an industrial center. In the 1880–1940s Cherepovets industry mainly served the needs of the city and the governorate. Small industries dominated in the city. They were located on the city outskirts, as well as near local rivers. The present research is based on materials taken from the archives of the Cherepovets Museum Association, the Cherepovets Documentation Storage Center, the Russian State Historical Archive, and from official state statistics and periodicals. The analysis of these documents allowed the author to study the dynamics of Cherepovets industry development. The article states that developmental peaks that were associated with a quantitative increase in factories and plants in the city and that occurred on the eve and in the first years of World War I, as well as in the second Five-Year Plan of Soviet industrialization. The decline in industrial production was influenced by political events related to the end of World War I, the revolution, the civil war, and the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War. They had a decisive influence on the economy of the country and the city. In the period under the study the urban space grew due to the expansion of urban outskirts, where industrial enterprises were built, and the inclusion of neighboring villages in the urban area. The results obtained in the study are significant for understanding the processes of the industrial potential formation in Soviet industrial centers, as well as for the subsequent studies devoted to the development of socioenvironmental urban problems caused by industrialization.

The Ministry of Asiatic Russia: The Colonial Office That Never Was But Might Have Been

Slavic Review ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willard Sunderland
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Colonial Empire ◽  
Resettlement Administration ◽  
Colonial Office ◽  
The Revolution

The late tsarist state was a colonial empire, Willard Sunderland argues, yet it never established a colonial ministry like the other colonial empires of the era. Sunderland asks why this was the case and proposes that, while there are many explanations for Russia's apparent uniqueness in institutional terms, historians should also consider how the country's institutional development in fact approximated western and broader international models. The late imperial government indeed never ruled through a colonial ministry, but an office of this sort—a Ministry of Asiatic Russia—might have been created if World War I and the revolution had not intervened. Sunderland sees the embryo of this possibility in the Resettlement Administration, which emerged as a leading center of Russian technocratic colonialism by the turn of the 1900s.

The Cartographic Capital

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kory Olson
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Third Republic ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Look ◽  
The City

Through official maps, this book looks at how government presentations of Paris and environs change over the course of the Third Republic (1889-1934). Governmental policies, such as the creation of a mandatory national uniform educational system that will eventually include geography, combined with technological advances in the printing industry, to alter the look, exposure, reception, and distribution of government maps. The government initially seemed to privilege an exclusively positive view of the capital city and limited its presentation of it to land inside the walled fortifications. However, as the Republic progressed and Paris grew, technology altered how Parisians used and understood their urban space. Rail and automobiles made moving about the city and environs easier while increased industrialization moved factories and their workers further out into the Seine Department. During this time, maps transitioned from reflecting the past to documenting the present. With the advent of French urbanism after World War I, official mapped views of greater Paris abandoned privileging past achievements and began to mirror actual residential and industrial development as it pushed further out from the city center. Finally, the government needed to plan for the future of greater Paris and official maps begin to show how the government viewed the direction of its capital city.

International Opera in Nineteenth-century New York

2020 ◽  
pp. 244-269
Author(s):  
Karen Ahlquist
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
World War I ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
World War ◽  
Metropolitan Opera ◽  
The City

This chapter charts how canonic repertories evolved in very different forms in New York City during the nineteenth century. The unstable succession of entrepreneurial touring troupes that visited the city adapted both repertory and individual pieces to the audience’s taste, from which there emerged a major theater, the Metropolitan Opera, offering a mix of German, Italian, and French works. The stable repertory in place there by 1910 resembles to a considerable extent that performed in the same theater today. Indeed, all of the twenty-five operas most often performed between 1883 and 2015 at the Metropolitan Opera were written before World War I. The repertory may seem haphazard in its diversity, but that very condition proved to be its strength in the long term. This chapter is paired with Benjamin Walton’s “Canons of real and imagined opera: Buenos Aires and Montevideo, 1810–1860.”

A Tower of Tangled Histories: The Upper Silesia Tower in Poznań and the Making of an Unromantic Poland, 1911–1955

Slavic Review ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 566-590
Author(s):  
Patryk Babiracki
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Cold War ◽  
World War I ◽  
Material Structure ◽  
World War ◽  
Upper Silesia ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

Engaging with regional, international, and spatial histories, this article proposes a new reading of the twentieth-century Polish past by exploring the vicissitudes of a building known as the Upper Silesia Tower. Renowned German architect Hans Poelzig designed the Tower for the 1911 Ostdeutsche Ausstellung in Posen, an ethnically Polish city under Prussian rule. After Poland regained its independence following World War I, the pavilion, standing centrally on the grounds of Poznań’s International Trade Fair, became the fair's symbol, and over time, also evolved into visual shorthand for the city itself. I argue that the Tower's significance extends beyond Posen/Poznań, however. As an embodiment of the conflicts and contradictions of Polish-German historical entanglements, the building, in its changing forms, also concretized various efforts to redefine the dominant Polish national identity away from Romantic ideals toward values such as order, industriousness, and hard work. I also suggest that eventually, as a material structure harnessed into the service of socialism, the Tower, with its complicated past, also brings into relief questions about the regional dimensions of the clashes over the meaning of modernity during the Cold War.

Commentary: ‘Just the tip of the iceberg’: Queensland’s experience of the influenza pandemic of 1918–20

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-165
Author(s):  
Patrick Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Coastal Shipping ◽  
The City

AbstractThis article provides a synopsis of the spread of epidemic influenza throughout Queensland in 1919–20.1 Statewide the story was, to a greater or lesser extent, the same – regardless of occupation or whether one was from the city or the bush, on the coast or in the far west, no one was immune; even being 300 kilometres from the nearest epicentre of the outbreak was no guarantee of safety. An examination of the state’s newspapers, particularly the Brisbane Courier, makes it evident that outbreaks of influenza erupted almost simultaneously throughout the state. Aided and abetted by Queensland’s network of railways and coastal shipping, together with the crowding of people at country shows, race meetings and celebrations of the formal conclusion of World War I, the disease was swiftly diffused throughout the state. This article hopes to give the reader a sense of how the sheer scale and urgency of the crisis at times overwhelmed authorities and communities.

A IRMANDADE DO SENHOR DOS PASSOS E A SANTA CASA DE MISERICÓRDIA: HISTÓRIA, CARIDADE E EXPERIÊNCIAS DE URBANIDADE EM PORTO ALEGRE/RS. SÉCULOS XVIII-XIX "The 'Senhor dos Passos' brotherhood and the Holy House of Mercy..."

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Mara Regina do Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Culture ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
Porto Alegre ◽  
Urban Experience ◽  
Regional Aspect ◽  
Religious Associations ◽  
The Status ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The City

Este artigo propõe-se a ser uma colaboração com os estudos dedicados às irmandades religiosas brasileiras, na sua face regional. A linha de pensamento adotada toma a cidade, a experiência urbana e as ditas associações religiosas como instâncias sociais intimamente relacionadas e interdependentes. Durante o século XIX, a irmandade gestora da Santa Casa de Misericórdia em Porto Alegre cumpria um papel fundamental não apenas para a composição material de seu espaço, mas igualmente para conferir-lhe o status de importante cidade dentro do mosaico urbano que compunha o Império brasileiro. Tomando por base o histórico de ações concretas da irmandade, como a construção do Hospital, as iniciativas para a caridade e filantropia e a promoção das festas litúrgicas, este artigo analisa o vínculo indissociável entre o associativismo católico e o estilo de vida urbano dos setecentos e oitocentos. Palavras-chave: Irmandades Religiosas. Santa Casa de Misericórdia. Cultura Urbana.AbstractThis paper intends to collaborate with other works dedicated to the study of brazilian religious brotherhoods, in their regional aspect. The line of thought  adopted takes the city, the urban experience and the religious associations above mentioned as closely related and interdependent social instances. During the XIX century, the brotherhood in charge of the Holy House of Mercy in the city of Porto Alegre played a fundamental role, not just in the material composition of the urban space, but also in giving it the status of an important city within the urban mosaic comprised by the Brazilian Empire. Based on the (historic of) concrete actions of this brotherhood, as were the construction of the Hospital, the creation of a social representation for the notion of charity, and the promotion of liturgic feasts, this article analyses the unbreakable bond between catholic associativism and the urban lifestyle of the XVIII and XIX centuries.Keywords: Religious Brotherhoods. Holy House of Mercy. Urban Culture. 

scholarly journals Changes in the national composition and symbols of Zhovkva’s urban space as a result of the Second World War

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
Vasylyna PASTERNAK
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
World War ◽  
Interethnic Relations ◽  
Symbolic Space ◽  
Original Culture ◽  
New City ◽  
The City ◽  
Second World

Before the war, urban symbolic space of Zhovkva was divided between several national groups – Ukrainians, Poles and Jews, who created the culture and history of the city. The foundations for such cohabitation were laid during the construction of the city by the Field Crown Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski, and survived until the start of the war, as evidenced by the memories of its inhabitants. Therefore, the article explains how the ethnic composition of the city’s population has changed and its further influence on the symbolism of the urban space. Subsequently of the dramatic events of the Second World War and the processes of resettlement of the population, two of the national groups disappeared from the urban space. The Jewish community was physically destroyed during the war, and the Poles were evicted from Zhovkva to Poland in 1944–1946. The destruction of the Jews meant the death of the whole subethnos with original culture and history. The resettlement of Poles from Zhovkva, from their homes, was extremely difficult psychologically, because they were saying goodbye to their hometown, where they lived for several generations, were deprived of their homes, property that belonged to the ancestors, they were allowed to take out only 2 tons of items social household consumption. Soviet soldiers and functionaries, peasants from the surrounding villages, who got used to living together and rebuilding Zhovkva, became “new” city dwellers. The “new” residents of the city, in cooperation with the Soviet authorities, changed the symbolic space of the city, starting with the change of name from Zhovkva to Nesterov, in honor of the Russian pilot Peter Nesterov, who died near the city in 1914. The city was built on the socialist urban model, which destroyed the historical and architectural environment of Zhovkva, founded in the XVI century. Architectural sights that testified to the multinational of Zhovkvа were destroyed or completely changed their purpose. Polish churches and monasteries were turned into warehouses or barracks for soldiers, and icons, paintings, statues, religious things were destroyed or exported abroad. Keywords Zhovkva, Stanisław Żółkiewski, Jan ІІІ Sobieski, socio-demographic processes, Poles, Jews, interethnic relations, symbolic space.

scholarly journals Affective power of vandalism: youth vandal practices within the concept of affective labor

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina A. Simonova
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Actor Network Theory ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Affective Labor ◽  
The Status ◽  
Social Topology ◽  
The City ◽  
Space Occupation

The purpose of the article is an adaptation of the affective labor concept as a method for analyzing vandalism among young people. The article examines youth vandalism as a form of affective labor and identifies two types of effects. The first type deals with the experiences of the vandals themselves which cause the new subjectivity and collectivity; the second type refers to the effects experienced by the users of vandal-altered spaces: they begin to feel differently because the damage can seriously change the status, value, user qualities of the urban environment and the emotions it induces on inhabitants. The paper analyzes youth vandalism as a strategy which not only transforms the urban space visually (physically) but also consciously constructs the affects transforming the subjectivity of young people, social positions and community forms of both the vandals themselves and the users of the city. This approach, reflecting the strategic nature of the young people’s vandal activity, shows that vandal practice should be understood as the practice of space occupation, its appropriation, its de- and reconstruction and should be based on social topology and general ideas of actor-network theory. The socio-philosophical conclusions in the paper are illustrated by the results of interviews involving 17 participants from 7 youth communities conducted in summer and autumn 2017 in Yekaterinburg. The photographs of the damaged urban spaces in various city districts were also taken; the data were mapped, and the photo database was marked according to geographical location and types of damaged buildings. This helped to draw certain conclusions about the youth vandalism phenomenon. The article outlines the prospects for the use of the proposed methodology in the analysis of vandal damage and in urban vandalism prevention activities. Acknowledgement. The research is funded by the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 17-18-01278).

scholarly journals International Recognition and the International Law Status of Poland in the 20th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-48
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Dynia
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
International Law ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third ◽  
International Recognition ◽  
The Status

The article concerns international recognition of the Polish state established after World War I in the year 1918, the Polish state and the status of Poland in terms of international law during World War II and after its conclusion until the birth of the Third Polish Republic in the year 1989. A study of related issues confirmed the thesis of the identity and continuity of the Polish state by international law since the year 1918, as solidified in Polish international law teachings, and showed that the Third Polish Republic is, under international law, not a new state, but a continuation of both the Second Polish Republic as well as the People’s Republic of Poland.

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