The Role of Constraints in Development

2019 ◽  
pp. 75-99
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Oakes ◽  
David H. Rakison
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Potential Problem ◽  
Levels Of Processing ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Over Time

One potential problem with the development cascades approach is that it appears to be unconstrained. However, as discussed in this chapter, constraints in development can be broadly defined. Constraints have typically been conceived of as either innate and present at birth or acquired through experience. This chapter argues instead that developmental cascades are influenced profoundly by different kinds of constraints that do not have a single foundation. Constraints can be structural (e.g., originating from the structure of the child’s nervous system and body), a function of the physical or social environment, or the result of accumulated knowledge and experience. These constraints, it is argued, occur at multiple levels of processing and change over time, both of which contribute to developmental cascades and are the product of cascades.

Confession, conscience, and selfhood on trial

2018 ◽  
pp. 124-177
Author(s):  
Laura Kounine
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
The Self ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Linear Pattern ◽  
Moral Question ◽  
Modern Self ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Self ◽  
Over Time

This chapter deals with the role of the self and conscience in defending oneself against the charge of witchcraft. To add depth to intellectual concepts—and teleologies—of the self, we must understand how the individual self was understood, felt, and experienced. Particularly for the crime of witchcraft, the crux of the trial was premised on the moral question of what kind of person would commit such a crime. Those on trial for witchcraft in the Lutheran duchy of Württemberg invoked the idioms of ‘mind’, ‘conscience’, ‘heart’, or ‘self’ in constructing their defence. Through four case studies, ranging from 1565 to 1678, this chapter examines the different ways in which people could conceptualize their person, and shows that change over time in the ‘development’ of the modern self was not a uniform or directly linear pattern.

Individuality and habits in institutional economics

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 791-809
Author(s):  
Heath Spong
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Structure Framework ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIn this paper a sophisticated conception of individuality is developed that extends beyond simple heterogeneity and is consistent with the approach of institutional economics. Studies of human biological and psychological development are used to illustrate the foundations of human individuality and the impact of the social environment on individual development. The link between the social environment and ongoing agential properties is established through the role of habits, which provide some continuity to individual personalities over time and assist them in navigating the social context they inhabit. Reflexivity is established via an agency-structure framework that endows individuals a changeable self-concept and an ability to interpret their relationship to the social context. The coordination of different individuals is explained not simply through reference to institutional structure, but also through the agent-level properties of shared habits. While reducing differences between individuals to one of degrees, shared habits are shown to be particularly important in the context of agent-sensitive institutions. Finally, the potential for different institutional experiences to impact the reflexivity of individuals is explored.

scholarly journals ZANZIBARIS OR AMAKHUWA? SUFI NETWORKS IN SOUTH AFRICA, MOZAMBIQUE, AND THE INDIAN OCEAN

2014 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Preben Kaarsholm
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Ritual Practices

AbstractThis article investigates the role of Sufi networks in keeping Durban's ‘Zanzibari’ community of African Muslims together and developing their response to social change and political developments from the 1950s to the post-apartheid period. It focuses on the importance of religion in giving meaning to notions of community, and discusses the importance of the Makua language in maintaining links with northern Mozambique and framing understandings of Islam. The transmission of ritual practices of the Rifaiyya, Qadiriyya, and Shadhiliyya Sufi brotherhoods is highlighted, as is the significance of Maputo as a node for such linkages. The article discusses change over time in notions of cosmopolitanism, diaspora, and belonging, and examines new types of interactions after 1994 between people identifying themselves as Amakhuwa in Durban and Mozambique.

scholarly journals Prediksi Harga Kartu Grafis Yang Dipengaruhi oleh Nilai Bitcoin

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Satrio Anggoro Aji Leksono ◽  
Zekha Galih Prastyawan Galih Prastyawan ◽  
Ionia Veritawati
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Network System ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Digital Currency ◽  
The People ◽  
Over Time

In economic development, transactions have become the routine of the people. Currently there are many transactions that are growing, one of which is Bitcoin. Bitcoin is one of the technologies of cryptocurreny which is then used. Bitcoin is a digital currency in the open source P2P payment network system. But the value of the Bitcoin body is not fixed, Bitcoin values often change over time. One of the causes of changing the value of Bitcoin is VGA. This role of VGA card to process Bitcoin encryption data because GPU (brain of VGA) has more core to process CPU, increase Bitcoin value and influence graphics card price. In this paper will rise the value of rising and falling value of Bitcoin which affects the price of the graphics card.Keyword: Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency, VGA, GPUAbstrakDalam perkembangan ekonomi, transaksi sudah menjadi rutinitas masyarat. Saat ini sudah banyak jenis transaksi yang berkembang, salah satunya adalah Bitcoin. Bitcoin merupakan salah satu teknologi dari cryptocurreny yang sering digunakan. Bitcoin adalah mata uang digital yang berada di dalam system jaringan pembayaran open source P2P. Namun nilai dari suatu Bitcoin tidak tetap, nilai Bitcoin sering berubah seiring berjalannya waktu. Salah satu penyebab berubahnya nilai dari Bitcoin adalah VGA. Peran VGA card ini untuk memproses enkripsi data Bitcoin karena GPU (otak dari VGA) mempunyai core yang lebih banyak untuk memproses instruksi dalam satu waktu dibandingkan CPU, sehingga naiknya nilai Bitcoin juga mempengaruhi harga kartu grafis. Dalam paper ini akan mengevaluasi perbandingan naik dan turunnya nilai Bitcoin yang mempengaruhi harga kartu grafis.Kata Kunci: Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency, VGA, GPU

scholarly journals Closing the divide: Subject librarians and scholarly communication librarians can work together to reach common goals

2017 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl A. Middleton
Keyword(s):  
Scholarly Communication ◽  
Academic Librarians ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
Common Goals ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Policies And Practices

As ACRL President, I am very interested in the changes that our members and the profession are experiencing and in making connections to our goals in the ACRL Plan for Excellence.1 Our plan enables ACRL to invest member resources in shaping policies and practices that enable us to meet the needs of our users and our institutions as they change over time. Over the past year, I’ve been doing a lot of thinking about scholarly communication and the role of academic librarians, particularly subject or liaison librarians.

Commons Governance, Normative Pluralism and the Enduring Role of Custom

2018 ◽  
pp. 15-37
Author(s):  
Christopher Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
The Commons ◽  
Normative Pluralism ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Legal Pluralist

The governance of common land in England and Wales is shaped by a mixture of customary and legal norms that can shift and change. Notwithstanding the introduction of legislation for the registration of common land and common rights, custom retains an important role in the governance of common land. This chapter situates custom alongside the other normative rules used to structure the governance of common land. It considers reforms introduced by the Commons Act 2006, including provision for the formation of self-regulating commons councils. It concludes that a legal pluralist analysis that focuses on the functionality of differing customary and legal norms, but which is also sensitive to the sources from which rules derive normativity, is essential if we are to position custom in the hierarchy of norms relevant to the governance of common land, to understand their respective roles and how these can change over time and space, and to appraise their effectiveness.

scholarly journals How Does Adolescents’ Openness to Diversity Change Over Time? The Role of Majority-Minority Friendship, Friends’ Views, and Classroom Social Context

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sevgi Bayram Özdemir ◽  
Metin Özdemir ◽  
Katja Boersma
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Classroom Climate ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Latent Growth ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Value Diversity ◽  
Peer Nominations ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Openness To Diversity

Abstract Young people are growing up in increasingly “super-diverse” societies, and show variations in how they approach diversity and embrace differences. Developing a good understanding of why some youth appreciate and value diversity whereas others do not is crucial in identifying ways to promote social interactions among different groups in broader society. The current study examined whether adolescents follow different trajectories in their views on diversity, and identified possible factors behind how they change over time. The sample included 1362 adolescents residing in Sweden (Mage = 13.18, SD = 0.43, 48% girls). Adolescents reported on their openness to diversity and classroom social climate. The peer nominations method was used to measure majority-minority friendship, and friends’ views on diversity. Latent growth analysis showed that adolescents, on average, became more open to diversity over time, but with clear heterogeneity. Three distinct trajectories were identified as: high-increasing, average-increasing, and average-declining. Relative to the high-increasing group, the other two were more likely to be male and immigrant. Relative to the high-increasing group, adolescents on the average-increasing trajectory perceived their classroom climate as less cooperative, while the adolescents on the average-declining trajectory were less likely to have friends with positive views on diversity. The findings suggest that schools may serve as a shared ground for promoting openness to diversity.

The Nude in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Russian Sculpture

Experiment ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Samu
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Socialist Realist ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This article analyzes Russian attitudes toward nudity in art in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, from the importation of Italian nudes by Peter the Great to the continued study of the nude model by Socialist Realist artists. Questions addressed include the reception of nude sculpture in Russia and its change over time; the role of life models; and the subject matter sculptors chose.

scholarly journals WHAT DETERMINES NEARSHORE SANDBAR RESPONSE?

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (32) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Marije W.J. Smit ◽  
Ad J.H.M. Reniers ◽  
Marcel J.F. Stive
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Hydrodynamic Conditions ◽  
Length Scales ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
System A ◽  
Wave Conditions ◽  
Over Time

Nearshore sandbars appear with various patterns which may change over time. From observations, these changes seem to be related to changes in hydrodynamic conditions, although observed length scales could not be related directly to occurring wave conditions. The current work investigated the role of both the concurrent and previous hydrodynamics as well as the role of the pre-existing morphological variability of a nearshore bar system. A suite of modeling efforts using a depth-averaged process-based model was analysed on predicted length scales, response times and evolving levels of variability. It was found that with small or moderate hydrodynamic forcing, an existing pattern would remain. Only when the existing pattern was alongshore uniform, the bar pattern would change in response to the conditions. When the hydrodynamic conditions are extreme, an existing pattern can be erased, resulting in an alongshore uniform bathymetry – a reset-event.

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