Comments“True Enough”

Author(s):  
Michael T. Colatrella Jr.

Of the many contributions that Professor Leonard Riskin introduced in his landmark article Understanding Mediators’ Orientations, none is more profound than the educational value of the original Riskin Grid (the “Grid”) as a mental model to aid in understanding the mediation process. Describing a phenomenon through use of a simple model so that it can be systematically studied is a well-established and valuable scientific method. To be effective, however, good models must be calibrated to an appropriate level of sophistication for the student. The Grid is an effective model to help students new to mediation to conceptualize what mediators do and how they do it. Indeed, Riskin states that clarifying the mediation process is the Grid’s primary purpose. Along these lines, Riskin emphasizes one of the article’s primary aims is “to facilitate discussions and help to clarify arguments by providing a system for categorizing and understanding approaches to mediation.” Although some have criticized the Grid as being too simple, incomplete, and even misleading, it is the Grid’s simplicity that enables Riskin to illuminate the mediation process so brightly. Riskin himself, in a later article, attempted to address the Grid’s so-called weaknesses and limitations by suggesting a more dynamic Grid system (Riskin). The Grid persists magnificently as a fundamental model of understanding of what mediators do. It remains a central feature of mediation education because it is a clear and simple conceptual framework of the mediation process that a mediation novice, whether a law student, an attorney, or a professional interested in mediation from any number of other disciplines, can understand. The Grid endures, in other words, not because it is perfect, but because it is “true enough.”...

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Jiménez-Buedo

AbstractReactivity, or the phenomenon by which subjects tend to modify their behavior in virtue of their being studied upon, is often cited as one of the most important difficulties involved in social scientific experiments, and yet, there is to date a persistent conceptual muddle when dealing with the many dimensions of reactivity. This paper offers a conceptual framework for reactivity that draws on an interventionist approach to causality. The framework allows us to offer an unambiguous definition of reactivity and distinguishes it from placebo effects. Further, it allows us to distinguish between benign and malignant forms of the phenomenon, depending on whether reactivity constitutes a danger to the validity of the causal inferences drawn from experimental data.


Author(s):  
Jeffry L. White ◽  
G.H. Massiha

<p>Women make up 47% of the total U.S. workforce, but are less represented in engineering, computer sciences, and the physical sciences. In addition, race and ethnicity are salient factors and minority women comprise fewer than 1 in 10 scientist or engineer. In this paper, a review of the literature is under taken that explores the many challenges women encounter when pursing a career in the sciences. It includes a review of the national landscape and discussion of the guiding general retention theories. Finally it proposes a conceptual framework for persistence and proffers a number of research questions designed to delve deeper into the under representation phenomenon.</p>


2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 344-373
Author(s):  
Mitja Kovac ◽  
Cristina Poncibò

Abstract The problem of excuse for non-performance of contracts caused by changed circumstances is, despite its long history in contract law scholarship, far from being resolved. This paper is based on the dialogue between two colleagues from different academic backgrounds and comparatively investigates German, French, Italian and English approaches and current developments in the field. First, the paper questions whether the doctrine of changed circumstances (or imprévision) remains a mere exception, or whether it is possible to argue that, by considering the latest developments, it may represent a model in European contract law. This issue has recently attracted the attention of the French legislature in its modernization of the Code Civil. Second, by examining the many different national doctrines, the paper aims to reconstruct and clarify, through comparative analysis performed, the conceptual framework of such a theory by discussing, in particular, issues of contract interpretation, presupposition, causation, good faith, fairness and solidarity.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mazbahul G. Ahamad ◽  
Fahian Tanin

Abstract Objective Field interventions employed to improve preventive health behaviors and outcomes generally use well-established approaches; however, recent studies have reported that health education and promotional interventions have little to no impact on health behaviors, especially in low- and middle-income countries. We aimed to develop a conceptual framework to improve intervention designs that would internalize these concerns and limitations. Results We identified three major experimental design- and implementation-related concerns associated with mental models, including the balance between the treatment and control groups, the treatment group’s willingness to adopt suggested behaviors, and the type, length, frequency, intensity, and sequence of treatments. To minimize the influence of these aspects of an experimental design, we proposed a mental model-based repeated multifaceted (MRM) intervention design framework, which represents a supportive intervention design for the improvement of health education and promotional programs. The framework offers a step-by-step method that can be used for experimental and treatment design and outcome analysis, and that addresses potential implementation challenges.


1975 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles F. Schmidt

Solutions to old problems are sometimes found in new paradigms and models which provide alternative means of approach and analysis. It is suggested here that South Africa's socio-economic and political problems, stemming from the country's multi-ethnic structure, may be viewed within a conceptual framework that emphasises the spatial dimensions of the associated conflict. A model suitable for understanding this will stress the many disparities and tensions between the white core élites and those black counter-élites – including the leaders in the Homelands – who are emerging from the subdominant peripheral groups. Moreover, an analysis of the interaction between core and periphery will highlight the transformation necessary to reduce and resolve the conflict between whites and blacks in the South African spatial system and so promote their more equitable development?


2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Sharizan Sharkawi ◽  
Syed Jamal Abdul Nasir Syed Mohamad ◽  
Rosmimah Roslin

<p>Generation Y, individuals age 34 years and below are dominating the workforce in Malaysia today with nearly half of the labour force comprised of this generational cohort. They will be playing a vital role in the Malaysian labour market and will have unprecedented impact to the country’s future economic growth. However, a dilemma confronting leaders today is the limited understanding when leading the Gen Y. This paper is not empirically based but merely conceptual in nature. It is aimed at presenting the preliminary work for a study. The concepts of leadership and the many theories that have evolved are examined. Review of past literature concerning the Gen Y and their leaders are deliberated. From the literature review, many missing parameters were discovered. Firstly, studies in Gen Y mostly covers motivation, values, behaviours, job satisfaction and organisational commitment but not on leadership preferences per se. In addition to that many of the studies conducted are in the Western perspectives and to accept the results entirely will be an over-generalisation. Lastly, the field of leadership is continuously evolving inspired by the current wants and needs. Thus this brings light to the intention of this study which is to explore the leadership preferences of Gen Y employees specifically looking at the local context. The conceptual framework proposed as the foundation of this study consists of the different leadership theories from early days of trait theory to the more contemporary transformational leadership theory. This conceptual framework will guide in the data collection process whereby a basic qualitative method is proposed as the most suitable approach for this study. It will be based on the interpretive or constructivist perspective where multiple realities and lived experiences of Gen Y concerning their leadership preferences will be uncovered through in depth interviews with the participants involved.</p>


Author(s):  
Amar Raju G.

Online review is a form of electronic word-of-mouth communication that has received much attention from authors in the past decade. There are several characteristics of online reviews which have been investigated in the literature. Also the many benefits that these reviews provide to online shoppers have been extensively studied. The present paper proposes a conceptual model to show how these benefits can make a website more diagnostic. Based on the model a few propositions have been discussed. Theoretical and managerial implications along with the limitations of the study are also provided.


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