Peace by Piece

2021 ◽  
pp. 123-150
Author(s):  
Séverine Autesserre

Chapter Five showcases a variety of communities that have built peace in the midst of extensive violence and provide important takeaways for the study and practice of peacebuilding. The inhabitants of Somaliland have created a stable and prosperous region in war-torn Somalia with very little international support, instead using bottom-up strategies. Their experience shows that locally-led peacebuilding efforts can make a difference not only on a small scale, but also over a large territory and at a quasi-state level. Other cases of success from across the globe, including the peace zone of San José de Apartadó (Colombia) and the Israeli-Palestinian village of Wahat al-Salam - Neve Shalom, illustrate that bottom-up conflict resolution has helped keep violence at bay in a variety of social and political contexts. Despite challenges and limitations, ordinary citizens, grassroots activists, and local leaders can promote peace at least as effectively as national and international elites.

Author(s):  
F. Carré ◽  
H.I. Reuter ◽  
J. Daroussin ◽  
O. Scheurer

Urban History ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-711
Author(s):  
FLORIAN URBAN

ABSTRACT:In the 2000s, Berlin saw the formation of so-called Baugruppen (construction groups) – associations of small-scale investors who pooled their modest capital to commission an architect and construct a multistorey building in which they would own and occupy a flat. They were mostly middle-class families united by a belief in community values and neighbourly contact as well as the qualities of urban living. This article will present the construction groups as an example of bottom-up architecture in an industrialized western country, in which individual initiatives and user-centred design had to be negotiated within a highly professionalized environment, as well as with contradictory political positions. It will show that construction groups brought together various threads of Berlin's recent urban history: the gradual integration of radical post-1968 lifestyles into mainstream society, the ‘return to the inner city’ connected with the increasing popularity of ‘new tenements’, and the evolution of innovative, post-functionalist architecture.


Author(s):  
SUKHAN LEE ◽  
KYUSIK CHUNG

This paper presents a resource-level conflict detection and conflict resolution scheme which is combined with a state-level backward planning algorithm and provides efficient conflict detection and global conflict resolution for nonlinear planning. The scheme keeps track of the usage of individual resources during planning, and constructs a Resource-Usage Flow (RUF) structure (based on which conflict detection and resolution is accomplished). The RUF structure allows the system to perform minimal and nonredundant operations for conflict detection and resolution. Furthermore, resource-level conflict detection and resolution facilitates problem decomposition in terms of resources, thereby providing easy implementation in a parallel and distributed processing environment. Performance analysis indicates that the proposed architecture has a speed-up factor of the average depth of a plan network, D(Na), compared to the distributed NOAH, where Na (the total number of action nodes at the completion of planning) and D(Na) are considerably larger than the number of resources involved in planning as well as the number of initial goal states.


2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-152
Author(s):  
Jay Willoughby

Amr Abdalla (professor and vice rector, University for Peace, San Jose, CostaRica) visited the International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) on February1, 2013, to discuss the challenges of conflict resolution and peace that hascaught the attention of so many Muslim and non-Muslim scholars and policymakersfor several decades. As the Muslim world remains plagued with violentconfrontations between states and non-state actors, regional and nationalsectarian conflicts, and domestic conflicts with gender and family elements,such a discussion is very timely.The outbreak of the Arab Spring, which has resulted in several Islamistgroups taking power, has raised various questions: Why is it important to talk about conflict resolution and peace building in an Islamic context? How canthe theoretical be combined with the practical? How does Islam fit into thedemonstrations that occurred during the Arab Spring as well as into modernity?This is, according to Abdalla, the first opportunity that contemporaryMuslims have had to answer these questions for themselves ...


Significance Peskov's remarks hint at a deal that would advance Russia's interests at Ukraine's expense. The potential losers also include leaders of the two rebel entities, the Donetsk People's Republic (DNR) and the Lugansk People's Republic (LNR). Moscow is now disinclined to countenance a separate future for these territories. Local leaders' awareness that they are dispensible has heightened tensions between them and also within each entity. Impacts Conflict resolution in Ukraine increasingly depends on a US-Russia deal. Moscow will ensure the rebel administrations are malleable to facilitate any future settlement. Armed conflict between the two rebel entities is unlikely despite the friction.


Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1619
Author(s):  
Tobias Hübner

The dynamic bottom-up modelling of greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement measures in industry makes it possible to derive consistent transformation paths on the basis of heterogeneous, process-specific developments. The main focus is on the development of a transparent methodology for small-scale modelling and combination of individual GHG abatement measures. In this way, interactions between GHG abatement measures are taken into account when deriving industrial transformation paths. The presented three-part methodological approach comprises the preparation (1) and implementation (2) of GHG abatement measures as well as the resulting effects on the output parameters (3) in a technology mix module. In order to consider interactions in the measures implementation, year-specific overall measure matrices are created and prioritised based on the GHG abatement costs. Finally, the three-part methodology is tested in a consistent technology mix scenario. The results show that the methodology enables integrated industrial technology mix scenarios with a high level of climate ambition based on a plausible development of energy consumption and emissions. Compared to the reference scenario, the process-and energy-related emissions decrease by 90 million tCO2 (77% of the 1990 level in 2050). The developed methodology and the related technology mix scenario within the framework of the bottom-up industry model SmInd can support strategic decision-making in politics and an efficient transition to a greenhouse gas neutral industry.


2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-116
Author(s):  
Dimas Pratidina Puri Astuti ◽  
Enike Dwi Kusumawati

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendiskripsikan penerapan proses managemen keterampilan pada Koperasi skala besar, skala menengah dan skala kecil dan juga untuk mengetahui penerapan proses managemen keterampilan pada Koperasi skala besar, skala menengah dan skala kecil. Penelitian dilakukan pada Koperasi Susu Pujon, KUD DAU, dan KUD Karangploso dimana Koperasi tersebut tergabung dalam anggota GKSI Jawa Timur. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode  penelitian  studi kasus diskriptif yaitu  mencoba menganalisis ‘’Managerial Skill Assessment Pada Pengelola Koperasi Susu Segar Di Jawa Timur. Metode pengumpulan data dan cara mendapatkan informasi penelitan dilakukan melalui observasi partisipasi aktif dan wawancara dengan menggunakan alat bantu kuisoner. Data pada penelitian ini adalah data kualitatif , sehingga analisis data yang dihasilkan yaitu analisis deskriptif. Analis deskriptif merupakan upaya yang dilakukan dengan jalan bekerja dengan data, mengorganisasikan data, memilah-milah menjadi satuan yang dapat dikelola, mensintesiskannya, mencari dan menemukan pola, menemukan apa yang penting atau apa yang dipelajari dan memusatkan apa yang dapat diceritakan kepada orang lain dan menggunakan balance scor maupun statistika. Metode pengumpulan data dan cara mendapatkan informasi penelitan dilakukan melalui observasi partisipasi aktif dan wawancara dengan menggunakan alat bantu kuisoner, sehingga dapat diketahui pengaruh penerapan ketrampilan tehnis, ketrampilan interpersonal, ketrampilan konseptual, dan ketrampilan politik terhadap  90 responden sebagai kinerja pengelola koperasi yang berasal dari 3 koperasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengelola Koperasi telah melaksanakan managemen yang baik melalui lima pilar yaitu pilar organisasi yang membudidayakan sistem bottom up, kepemimpinan yang partisipatif, komitmen yang berorientasi pada kebutuhan customer, terlepas dari tingkat organisasi, semua manajer harus memiliki beberapa keterampilan yang penting: keterampilan teknis, keterampilan interpersonal, keterampilan konseptual, keterampilan diagnostik, dan keterampilan politik.   Abtract This study aims to design the management process of Large Scale Cooperation, Large Scale and Small Scale and also to study management process on the scale of Large Scale Cooperation, Large Scale and Small Scale. The research was conducted on Pujon Milk Cooperative, KUD DAU, and KUD Karangploso where the cooperative was incorporated in GKSI member of East Java. The research method used is descriptive case study research method, which can be analyzed. 'Managerial Skill Assessment On The Manager of Fresh Milk Cooperatives In East Java. Methods of data collection and how to obtain information research conducted through interaction and interviews using the quisioner aids. The data in this research is qualitative data, so that the data analysis is descriptive analysis. Descriptive analysts are an effort done by working with data, organizing data, sorting into manageable units, synthesizing them, finding and finding patterns, finding what is important or what is learned and focusing what can be told to others and using balance score and statistics. Methods of data collection and how to obtain research information is done through observation of active participation and interview using quisoner aids, so that can know the influence of applying of technical skill, interpersonal skill, conceptual skill, and political skill to 90 responden as performance of cooperative manager from 3 cooperative . The results showed that the manager of the Cooperative has performed good management through the five pillars of the organization that oversees the bottom up system, participative leadership, commitment focused on customer needs, technical skills, interpersonal skills, conceptual skills, skills, and political skills.


2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neusa Hidalgo-Monroy Wohlgemuth

AbstractGlobalization has increased the mobility of labor, product of lower fertility rates and working age populations in developed nations that creates a demand for migrant workers to sustain national economic growth. According to the United Nations Population Fund in 2010, three percent of the world’s population lived outside their country of origin. Migration is an important force in development and it also has become an important factor in social change processes. Perceived as a force that can contribute to development, migration has become a focus of state-level policy-making planning policies creating a growing interest in the political and economic consequences of migration for both receiving and sending communities.This paper offers an overview of the different factors that are leading to migration out of Oaxaca and Chiapas, and the consequences to local indigenous societies. The paper also presents viable existing alternatives to rural development that have been developed by local small-scale farmers that can help reduce the massive exodus of people and consequently destruction of communities.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
McKenzie A. Kuhn ◽  
Ruth K. Varner ◽  
David Bastviken ◽  
Patrick Crill ◽  
Sally MacIntyre ◽  
...  

Abstract. Methane (CH4) emissions from the Boreal and Arctic region are globally significant and highly sensitive to climate change. There is currently a wide range in estimates of high-latitude annual CH4 fluxes, where estimates based on land cover inventories and empirical CH4 flux data or process models (bottom-up approaches) generally are greater than atmospheric inversions (top-down approaches). A limitation of bottom-up approaches has been the lack of harmonization between inventories of site-level CH4 flux data and the land cover classes present in high-latitude spatial datasets. Here we present a comprehensive dataset of small-scale, surface CH4 flux data from 540 terrestrial sites (wetland and non-wetland) and 1247 aquatic sites (lakes and ponds), compiled from 189 studies. The Boreal-Arctic Wetland and Lake Methane Dataset (BAWLD-CH4) was constructed in parallel with a compatible land cover dataset, sharing the same land cover classes to enable refined bottom-up assessments. BAWLD-CH4 includes information on site-level CH4 fluxes, but also on study design (measurement method, timing, and frequency) and site characteristics (vegetation, climate, hydrology, soil, and sediment types, permafrost conditions, lake size and depth, and our determination of land cover class). The different land cover classes had distinct CH4 fluxes, resulting from definitions that were either based on or co-varied with key environmental controls. Fluxes of CH4 from terrestrial ecosystems were primarily influenced by water table position, soil temperature, and vegetation composition, while CH4 fluxes from aquatic ecosystems were primarily influenced by water temperature, lake size, and lake genesis. Models could explain more of the between-site variability in CH4 fluxes for terrestrial than aquatic ecosystems, likely due to both less precise assessments of lake CH4 fluxes and fewer consistently reported lake site characteristics. Analysis of BAWLD-CH4 identified both land cover classes and regions within the Boreal and Arctic domain where future studies should be focused, alongside methodological approaches. Overall, BAWLD-CH4 provides a comprehensive dataset of CH4 emissions from high-latitude ecosystems that are useful for identifying research opportunities, for comparison against new field data, and model parameterization or validation. BAWLD-CH4 can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.18739/A27H1DN5S.


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