Small-scale, Bottom-up: Cosmopolitan Linkages Reglobalizing Shanghai’s City Centre

Asian Cities ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 301-326
Author(s):  
Ying Zhou
Keyword(s):  
City Centre ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Bottom Up

scholarly journals Understanding Spatial Variability of NO2 in Urban Areas Using Spatial Modelling and Data Fusion Approaches

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Said Munir ◽  
Martin Mayfield ◽  
Daniel Coca
Keyword(s):  
Data Fusion ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Spatial Modelling ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The City

Small-scale spatial variability in NO2 concentrations is analysed with the help of pollution maps. Maps of NO2 estimated by the Airviro dispersion model and land use regression (LUR) model are fused with measured NO2 concentrations from low-cost sensors (LCS), reference sensors and diffusion tubes. In this study, geostatistical universal kriging was employed for fusing (integrating) model estimations with measured NO2 concentrations. The results showed that the data fusion approach was capable of estimating realistic NO2 concentration maps that inherited spatial patterns of the pollutant from the model estimations and adjusted the modelled values using the measured concentrations. Maps produced by the fusion of NO2-LCS with NO2-LUR produced better results, with r-value 0.96 and RMSE 9.09. Data fusion adds value to both measured and estimated concentrations: the measured data are improved by predicting spatiotemporal gaps, whereas the modelled data are improved by constraining them with observed data. Hotspots of NO2 were shown in the city centre, eastern parts of the city towards the motorway (M1) and on some major roads. Air quality standards were exceeded at several locations in Sheffield, where annual mean NO2 levels were higher than 40 µg/m3. Road traffic was considered to be the dominant emission source of NO2 in Sheffield.

From a Large to a Small Scale Soil Map: Top-Down Against Bottom-Up Approaches

2008 ◽  
pp. 203-212
Author(s):  
F. Carré ◽  
H.I. Reuter ◽  
J. Daroussin ◽  
O. Scheurer
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Soil Map ◽  
Small Scale Soil

scholarly journals Berlin's construction groups and the politics of bottom-up architecture

Urban History ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-711
Author(s):  
FLORIAN URBAN
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Inner City ◽  
Urban History ◽  
Western Country ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Urban Living ◽  
Community Values ◽  
Mainstream Society ◽  
Middle Class Families

ABSTRACT:In the 2000s, Berlin saw the formation of so-called Baugruppen (construction groups) – associations of small-scale investors who pooled their modest capital to commission an architect and construct a multistorey building in which they would own and occupy a flat. They were mostly middle-class families united by a belief in community values and neighbourly contact as well as the qualities of urban living. This article will present the construction groups as an example of bottom-up architecture in an industrialized western country, in which individual initiatives and user-centred design had to be negotiated within a highly professionalized environment, as well as with contradictory political positions. It will show that construction groups brought together various threads of Berlin's recent urban history: the gradual integration of radical post-1968 lifestyles into mainstream society, the ‘return to the inner city’ connected with the increasing popularity of ‘new tenements’, and the evolution of innovative, post-functionalist architecture.

scholarly journals Small-Scale Modelling of Individual Greenhouse Gas Abatement Measures in Industry

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1619
Author(s):  
Tobias Hübner
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Reference Scenario ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Industrial Transformation ◽  
Scale Modelling ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Abatement ◽  
High Level

The dynamic bottom-up modelling of greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement measures in industry makes it possible to derive consistent transformation paths on the basis of heterogeneous, process-specific developments. The main focus is on the development of a transparent methodology for small-scale modelling and combination of individual GHG abatement measures. In this way, interactions between GHG abatement measures are taken into account when deriving industrial transformation paths. The presented three-part methodological approach comprises the preparation (1) and implementation (2) of GHG abatement measures as well as the resulting effects on the output parameters (3) in a technology mix module. In order to consider interactions in the measures implementation, year-specific overall measure matrices are created and prioritised based on the GHG abatement costs. Finally, the three-part methodology is tested in a consistent technology mix scenario. The results show that the methodology enables integrated industrial technology mix scenarios with a high level of climate ambition based on a plausible development of energy consumption and emissions. Compared to the reference scenario, the process-and energy-related emissions decrease by 90 million tCO2 (77% of the 1990 level in 2050). The developed methodology and the related technology mix scenario within the framework of the bottom-up industry model SmInd can support strategic decision-making in politics and an efficient transition to a greenhouse gas neutral industry.

Peace by Piece

2021 ◽  
pp. 123-150
Author(s):  
Séverine Autesserre
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
State Level ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
San Jose ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
International Support ◽  
Local Leaders ◽  
Ordinary Citizens

Chapter Five showcases a variety of communities that have built peace in the midst of extensive violence and provide important takeaways for the study and practice of peacebuilding. The inhabitants of Somaliland have created a stable and prosperous region in war-torn Somalia with very little international support, instead using bottom-up strategies. Their experience shows that locally-led peacebuilding efforts can make a difference not only on a small scale, but also over a large territory and at a quasi-state level. Other cases of success from across the globe, including the peace zone of San José de Apartadó (Colombia) and the Israeli-Palestinian village of Wahat al-Salam - Neve Shalom, illustrate that bottom-up conflict resolution has helped keep violence at bay in a variety of social and political contexts. Despite challenges and limitations, ordinary citizens, grassroots activists, and local leaders can promote peace at least as effectively as national and international elites.

Managerial skill assessment pada pengelola koperasi susu segar di wilayah jawa timur

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-116
Author(s):  
Dimas Pratidina Puri Astuti ◽  
Enike Dwi Kusumawati
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Skill Assessment ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Management Process ◽  
Research Information ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Managerial Skill

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendiskripsikan penerapan proses managemen keterampilan pada Koperasi skala besar, skala menengah dan skala kecil dan juga untuk mengetahui penerapan proses managemen keterampilan pada Koperasi skala besar, skala menengah dan skala kecil. Penelitian dilakukan pada Koperasi Susu Pujon, KUD DAU, dan KUD Karangploso dimana Koperasi tersebut tergabung dalam anggota GKSI Jawa Timur. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode  penelitian  studi kasus diskriptif yaitu  mencoba menganalisis ‘’Managerial Skill Assessment Pada Pengelola Koperasi Susu Segar Di Jawa Timur. Metode pengumpulan data dan cara mendapatkan informasi penelitan dilakukan melalui observasi partisipasi aktif dan wawancara dengan menggunakan alat bantu kuisoner. Data pada penelitian ini adalah data kualitatif , sehingga analisis data yang dihasilkan yaitu analisis deskriptif. Analis deskriptif merupakan upaya yang dilakukan dengan jalan bekerja dengan data, mengorganisasikan data, memilah-milah menjadi satuan yang dapat dikelola, mensintesiskannya, mencari dan menemukan pola, menemukan apa yang penting atau apa yang dipelajari dan memusatkan apa yang dapat diceritakan kepada orang lain dan menggunakan balance scor maupun statistika. Metode pengumpulan data dan cara mendapatkan informasi penelitan dilakukan melalui observasi partisipasi aktif dan wawancara dengan menggunakan alat bantu kuisoner, sehingga dapat diketahui pengaruh penerapan ketrampilan tehnis, ketrampilan interpersonal, ketrampilan konseptual, dan ketrampilan politik terhadap  90 responden sebagai kinerja pengelola koperasi yang berasal dari 3 koperasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengelola Koperasi telah melaksanakan managemen yang baik melalui lima pilar yaitu pilar organisasi yang membudidayakan sistem bottom up, kepemimpinan yang partisipatif, komitmen yang berorientasi pada kebutuhan customer, terlepas dari tingkat organisasi, semua manajer harus memiliki beberapa keterampilan yang penting: keterampilan teknis, keterampilan interpersonal, keterampilan konseptual, keterampilan diagnostik, dan keterampilan politik.   Abtract This study aims to design the management process of Large Scale Cooperation, Large Scale and Small Scale and also to study management process on the scale of Large Scale Cooperation, Large Scale and Small Scale. The research was conducted on Pujon Milk Cooperative, KUD DAU, and KUD Karangploso where the cooperative was incorporated in GKSI member of East Java. The research method used is descriptive case study research method, which can be analyzed. 'Managerial Skill Assessment On The Manager of Fresh Milk Cooperatives In East Java. Methods of data collection and how to obtain information research conducted through interaction and interviews using the quisioner aids. The data in this research is qualitative data, so that the data analysis is descriptive analysis. Descriptive analysts are an effort done by working with data, organizing data, sorting into manageable units, synthesizing them, finding and finding patterns, finding what is important or what is learned and focusing what can be told to others and using balance score and statistics. Methods of data collection and how to obtain research information is done through observation of active participation and interview using quisoner aids, so that can know the influence of applying of technical skill, interpersonal skill, conceptual skill, and political skill to 90 responden as performance of cooperative manager from 3 cooperative . The results showed that the manager of the Cooperative has performed good management through the five pillars of the organization that oversees the bottom up system, participative leadership, commitment focused on customer needs, technical skills, interpersonal skills, conceptual skills, skills, and political skills.

scholarly journals BAWLD-CH<sub>4</sub>: A Comprehensive Dataset of Methane Fluxes from Boreal and Arctic Ecosystems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
McKenzie A. Kuhn ◽  
Ruth K. Varner ◽  
David Bastviken ◽  
Patrick Crill ◽  
Sally MacIntyre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
High Latitude ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Ch4 Flux ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Flux Data ◽  
Site Characteristics ◽  
Lake Size

Abstract. Methane (CH4) emissions from the Boreal and Arctic region are globally significant and highly sensitive to climate change. There is currently a wide range in estimates of high-latitude annual CH4 fluxes, where estimates based on land cover inventories and empirical CH4 flux data or process models (bottom-up approaches) generally are greater than atmospheric inversions (top-down approaches). A limitation of bottom-up approaches has been the lack of harmonization between inventories of site-level CH4 flux data and the land cover classes present in high-latitude spatial datasets. Here we present a comprehensive dataset of small-scale, surface CH4 flux data from 540 terrestrial sites (wetland and non-wetland) and 1247 aquatic sites (lakes and ponds), compiled from 189 studies. The Boreal-Arctic Wetland and Lake Methane Dataset (BAWLD-CH4) was constructed in parallel with a compatible land cover dataset, sharing the same land cover classes to enable refined bottom-up assessments. BAWLD-CH4 includes information on site-level CH4 fluxes, but also on study design (measurement method, timing, and frequency) and site characteristics (vegetation, climate, hydrology, soil, and sediment types, permafrost conditions, lake size and depth, and our determination of land cover class). The different land cover classes had distinct CH4 fluxes, resulting from definitions that were either based on or co-varied with key environmental controls. Fluxes of CH4 from terrestrial ecosystems were primarily influenced by water table position, soil temperature, and vegetation composition, while CH4 fluxes from aquatic ecosystems were primarily influenced by water temperature, lake size, and lake genesis. Models could explain more of the between-site variability in CH4 fluxes for terrestrial than aquatic ecosystems, likely due to both less precise assessments of lake CH4 fluxes and fewer consistently reported lake site characteristics. Analysis of BAWLD-CH4 identified both land cover classes and regions within the Boreal and Arctic domain where future studies should be focused, alongside methodological approaches. Overall, BAWLD-CH4 provides a comprehensive dataset of CH4 emissions from high-latitude ecosystems that are useful for identifying research opportunities, for comparison against new field data, and model parameterization or validation. BAWLD-CH4 can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.18739/A27H1DN5S.

scholarly journals Calculation Methods for Construction Material Stocks: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6612
Author(s):  
Usman Nasir ◽  
Ruidong Chang ◽  
Hossein Omrany
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Calculation Methods ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

This paper aims to critically review the current body of literature relating to the calculation methods of construction material stock. To this end, this study adopts a systematic literature review technique in order to identify the relevant studies. The findings revealed that the bottom-up and top-down methodologies were commonly employed by the reviewed studies. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the bottom-up approach should be utilized when dealing with small-scale areas or where more accurate results are required. The top-down method should be used wherein the research area is large, and the results could be estimated based upon assumptions and statistical data. Similarly, the demand-driven methodology should be used to find the material stock accumulation due to socio-economic factors. The study also found that the material stock results can be used as data for other research, such as waste management and embodied energy. Further, this paper proposes a conceptual framework to ease the process of calculating construction material stocks in different projects. The outcomes of this research shall be beneficial for future studies that explore the literature connected to the construction material stock and recommend methods and techniques that should be used to quantify the material stock.

scholarly journals Scale Adaptive Feature Pyramid Networks for 2D Object Detection

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Lifei He ◽  
Ming Jiang ◽  
Ryutarou Ohbuchi ◽  
Takahiko Furuya ◽  
Min Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Object Detection ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Training Dataset ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Feature Maps ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Sampling Step ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Feature Map ◽  
Feature Pyramid

Object detection is one of the core tasks in computer vision. Object detection algorithms often have difficulty detecting objects with diverse scales, especially those with smaller scales. To cope with this issue, Lin et al. proposed feature pyramid networks (FPNs), which aim for a feature pyramid with higher semantic content at every scale level. The FPN consists of a bottom-up pyramid and a top-down pyramid. The bottom-up pyramid is induced by a convolutional neural network as its layers of feature maps. The top-down pyramid is formed by progressive up-sampling of a highly semantic yet low-resolution feature map at the top of the bottom-up pyramid. At each up-sampling step, feature maps of the bottom-up pyramid are fused with the top-down pyramid to produce highly semantic yet high-resolution feature maps in the top-down pyramid. Despite significant improvement, the FPN still misses small-scale objects. To further improve the detection of small-scale objects, this paper proposes scale adaptive feature pyramid networks (SAFPNs). The SAFPN employs weights chosen adaptively to each input image in fusing feature maps of the bottom-up pyramid and top-down pyramid. Scale adaptive weights are computed by using a scale attention module built into the feature map fusion computation. The scale attention module is trained end-to-end to adapt to the scale of objects contained in images of the training dataset. Experimental evaluation, using both the 2-stage detector faster R-CNN and 1-stage detector RetinaNet, demonstrated the proposed approach’s effectiveness.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document