Terms for Thralls and Their Meanings

2021 ◽  
pp. 122-183
Author(s):  
Stefan Brink
Keyword(s):  
Personal Names ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Grey Scale ◽  
Legal Situation ◽  
Loan Word ◽  
Cultural Code ◽  
Female Slave

In this chapter words for slaves are discussed using etymological and semantic analyses, and confronting the result with non-linguistic contextual evidence. The main words for a male and a female slave was obviously þræll and ambótt, the former probably an indigenous North-Germanic construction, the latter a loan word from Gallo-Latin. The terminological analysis reveal that although the legal situation for a slave in early Scandinavia was rather black-and-white – you where either free or unfree – socially there was more of a gliding grey-scale. This is also found in the earliest laws, especially where the laws describe the penalties for killing or abusing a slave; the penalties differed, sometimes quite remarkably. This analysis leads over to a discussion of a “patron–client” kind of situation. With a background in personal names, such as Wealtheow, Ansedeus, Angelþéow etc., where the second element is a word tewaz ‘slave, servant’, and the first element often the name of a god or a people, it is possible to identify an cultural code in early European societies.

IDENTIFICATION OF CROPLAND AND AREA ESTIMATION FROM AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND SATELLITE IMAGERY

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. MACK ◽  
K. E. BOWREN
Keyword(s):  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Grey Level ◽  
Level Densities ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
Grey Scale ◽  
Topographic Survey ◽  
Field Identification ◽  
Red Radiation

The feasibility of using multiband aerial photographs and ERTS-1 imagery for manual field identification and measurements is presented for a Moderately Cold Subhumid Soil Climatic region of Saskatchewan. Using a simple six-step scale criterion, numeric values were assigned to the grey-level densities on black and white photographs (August 1972) for the infrared and red radiation bands. The grey-level densities were calibrated to known crops or other features, determined from data taken on the ground from training sites. A classification key was developed from the calibrated grey-scale values for the two spectral bands. Using the classification key, > 90% of the cereal crops — harvested, cereal crops not harvested, rapeseed, and fallow land — were identified on areas adjacent to the training site. It was not possible in this study to distinguish between wheat and barley from August photography. Nearby sites were used to verify the criteria. For nonnumeric analyses, infrared color was useful to substantiate the results. In general, the green spectral reflection appeared to be similar to the red for most of the fields except for a few of the fallow fields and grassland. However, further studies are required to evaluate the place of the green band in crop identification. The transference of known physiographic features from topographic survey maps and high-altitude aerial photographs onto ERTS imagery facilitated establishment of field boundaries and area measurements. By comparing the values of unknown fields to those calibrated with known features on the same photograph, variation in exposure, photographic development, and reproduction are eliminated.

scholarly journals Pseudocoloring Of Medical Images: A Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 3712-3716
Keyword(s):  
Entire Range ◽  
Medical Images ◽  
Target Image ◽  
Color Mapping ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Grey Scale ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Color Map

A color mapping is a process by which we transfer the particular range of colors from source to the target image. This paper says about a novel method for medical images using pseudocolor by pre existence of color mapping. Conversion of grey scale image to color has no exact way or approach, direct way to colorize is tedious by which the entire range of colors can be changed, but in color mapping the conversion is done by converting the whole black and white image into color. This novel method presents black and white image to various colors. By the creation of color map that color map is applied for colorizing the medical grey scale images. This approach can be used for grey scale medical images irrespective of size and shape such that the intensity and aspect of the image can be improved

scholarly journals Russian cultural code in the polylogue of cultures of the Russian-Chinese and Mexican-American borderland

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 168-175
Author(s):  
Tatiana V. Voronchenko ◽  
◽  
Svetlana G. Korovina ◽  
Ekaterina V. Fyodorova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mexican American ◽  
Baja California ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
Foreign Culture ◽  
Cultural Code ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
The Russian Language

The article deals with the elements of Russian cultural code in folklore and literary works of the Russian-Chinese and Mexican-American borderlands. The object of the study is the texts united by the topos of the border. The borderland is considered as the place of the most intense interaction of cultures. The authors focus on the features of the polylogue of cultures at specific loci: Trekhrechye, Northern China (right bank of the border river Argun); California and Baja California (Mexican-American border) — historically marked by the “Russian presence”. These loci are characterized by linguistic contacts of the Russian language with Chinese and Evenk (Trekhrechye, right bank of the Argun River); Russian with English and Spanish (California and Baja California). The relevance of the study connected with the growing academic interest in the phenomenon of cultural and linguistic interaction in the borderlands. The authors explore significant units of Russian cultural code: personal names (anthroponyms), toponyms, exoticisms based on Russian song folklore of the Trekhrechye and the literary works of contemporary authors of the Russian-Chinese and Mexican-American borderlands (Chi Zijian, G. Valdes). The verbal cultural code contributes to the preservation and transmission of cultural information in a situation of close interaction with a foreign culture. The work uses comparative-historical, structural-semiotic and linguocultural research methods. The study confirms that specific linguistic units, onyms (anthroponyms, toponyms) and exoticisms, are significant elements of the Russian cultural code, which is actualized in the polylogue of cultures in borderland loci.

scholarly journals The Meaning of Bali Aesthetic Code in the Animated Film Si Uma

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123
Author(s):  
Hasbullah Hasbullah ◽  
I Wayan Mudra ◽  
I Wayan Swandi
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Semantic Code ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Unique Character ◽  
Animated Film ◽  
Cultural Code ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Snowball Sampling Technique

This study aims to analyze the meaning of aesthetic code in the animated film "Si Uma." The animated film "Si Uma" needs to be investigated because the reanimated film shows Balinese culture's beauty and has a unique character shape. Visualization of Balinese culture in this animated film contains a meaningful message for the life of the universe hitch conveyed through the form of code. The problem is what is the meaning of the Balinese aesthetic code represented in the animated film "Si Uma." The method used in this research is qualitative with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. The technique of determining the source of data in this study is the Snowball sampling technique. Data sources were collected through interviews with Ida Bagus Surya Manuba, I Nyoman Suci Rasika, and Gede Pasek Putra Adnyana Yasa. Data analysis was carried out through data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing based on Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotic theory and Roland Barthes' postmodern aesthetic code. The results of this study indicate that the aesthetic code in the animated film "Si Uma" in the form of a semantic code is associated with a black and white patterned fabric sign (poleng) which contains the meaning of life balance in the universe; the cultural code is associated with a headband (udeng) containing meaning to concentrate thoughts or views (concentration) in every activity in Bali. In conclusion, the meaning of the aesthetic code in the animated film "Si Uma" is seen from two perspectives such as the semantic code in the form of Poleng Cloth is ideological containing the meaning of balance in life in the universe; cultural code in the form of a headband (udeng)is connotative which means to focus attention/thought, aesthetic, and cultural identity in worship and daily activities

Thraldom

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Brink
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Business Model ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Criminal Offense ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Northern European ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Source Materials

“Thraldom,” the old Scandinavian word for slavery, is an elusive phenomenon characterized by different conditions of dependencies and with fluid transitions between being free and unfree; a person could be at once socially respected but still unfree; you could voluntarily go into slavery; you could be sentenced to time-limited slavery for a criminal offense; you could give away your child to become a slave; but you could also buy yourself out of slavery. Hence, slavery was not a black-and-white social phenomenon. You could be a chattel thrall, living in the barn with the cows, or a legally unfree steward, living on and running the king’s estate. In this study all conceivable source materials are analyzed, such as archaeology, runic inscriptions, Icelandic sagas, early law, place names, personal names, and not least etymological and semantic analyses of the terminology of slaves. Slavery was widespread all over Europe during the early Middle Ages, and it seems the Scandinavians became major players in the northern European slave trade. However, the hypothesis is that the Scandinavian Vikings were not particularly interested in taking slaves to Scandinavia; instead their “business model” seems to have been to raid, abduct, and then sell off captured people at major slave markets. Their quest was not people, but silver. Scandinavian slavery eventually was abandoned, a process that is very obscure, and seems to have disappeared in society in the beginning of the fourteenth century.

Flame detection in grey-scale images of a B/W camera

Sensor Review ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-88
Author(s):  
Yongtae Do
Keyword(s):  
Fire Detection ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Image Sequences ◽  
Processing Scheme ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Grey Scale ◽  
Fire Disaster ◽  
Flame Detection

Purpose – Fire is a common disaster. Even though simple sensors such as those detecting smoke or heat are popularly employed, they require close proximity to fire. In order to obtain more reliable and more complete information, fire detection by vision sensing has recently acquired increasing attention. In the vision-based fire sensing, colour is usually used as an important cue for flame detection. However, considering there are still a large number of black-and-white (B/W) CCTV cameras installed for security purposes, a technique that can detect flame reliably in grey-scale images will be useful to protect human lives and property from the fire disaster. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This article describes the automatic detection of fire flames in the grey-scale image sequences by a two-level image processing scheme: pixel-level and frame-level. In pixel-level processing, an evaluation function is devised to extract pixels that possibly belong to the flame region, particularly to its boundaries. Extracted fire pixel candidates are verified in frame-level processing by monitoring their distribution variations in sequential images. A circle is fitted to the candidate pixels in each image for efficient monitoring, and the presence of flame is reasoned when the position and size of the circle increase with high fluctuations. Findings – Experimental results show that the proposed method can detect flame quite reliably using the intensity information and its temporal variations in grey-scale image sequences. Originality/value – This paper presents a novel technique of vision-based flame detection. Unlike most existing techniques, the proposed technique is based on the grey-scale images of a B/W camera. To the best of the author's knowledge, it may be the first of its kind developed for general application to indoor and outdoor scenes.

scholarly journals Marker Quality Improvement in Augmented Reality Using Grey-scale Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Dahliyusmanto ◽  
Mohd Nizam Omar ◽  
Devi Willieam Anggara ◽  
Eddy Hamdani ◽  
Budhi Anto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Image Recognition ◽  
Real World ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Scale Method ◽  
Grey Scale ◽  
Augmented Reality Technology ◽  
Pixel Image

Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology which combines the real world and virtual world, where users can feel the interaction between the two worlds. Marker Augmented reality or known as marker-based tracking technique uses a marker as media to display this technology. The marker is used as an object that contains images with unique patterns to identify each different object. Because it has a unique pattern, not any objects can be used as a marker. In Vuforia SDK, image recognition is done using a grayscale technique to search for angular features of the pixel image. If the image was taken directly using the camera in the old times in the form of Black and White (BNW), it has bad quality and most likely cannot be used as a marker because it has a few features. In BNW images taken directly from the camera, the Vuforia SDK detects only a few features in the image. This journal explains how the technique of making a BNW image into a marker can be detected by Augmented Reality Technology.

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