CULTURAL WORDS TRANSLATION STRATEGIES IN MARY HIGGINS CLARK'S NOVEL THE ANASTASIA SYNDROME AND OTHER STORIES

The translation of cultural words needs some consideration and recognition of the cultural achievements referred to in the Source Language (SL) text, and respect for all foreign countries and their cultures. Therefore, translating cultural words is quite difficult, because their structures cannot always be translated literally and, even tend to form new meanings. The aims of this research are to describe the cultural words and analyze the translation strategies used in Mary Higgins Clark’s novel The Anastasia Syndrome and Other Stories, already translated into Indonesian entitled Sindrom Anastasia dan Kisah-kisah lainnya by Ade Dina Sigarlaki. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The data are the cultural words in English (SL) and their translation in Indonesian (TL). Those are analyzed based on Newmark’s cultural categories and Baker’s translation strategies. The results show that there are 74 cultural words and four translation strategies in Mary Higgins Clark’s novel The Anastatia Syndrome and other stories: 1) Translation by a more general word (superordinate), 2) Translation by a more neutral/less expressive word, 3) Translation by cultural substitution, 4) Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation.

The Strategies of Translation of Bahasa Indonesia-English in Two Indonesia Tourism Websites

This study discusses the use of translation strategies in translating Indonesian culture-bound words in two Indonesia tourism website articles. By using a descriptive qualitative analysis method, the translation strategies found in the Indonesian culture-bound words were observed using the theory from Mona Baker (2018). The rank of the most dominant strategies, from the most frequent to the least, used by both translator teams of Wonderful Indonesia and Enjoy Jakarta are loan word with an explanation, word-for-word, cultural substitution, and general word. In the Indonesia culture-bound translation, the most strategy used the culture-bound words is loan word strategy. It is better because instead of translating the Indonesia culture-bound word, the writer keep the culture-bound word in the english version and explain the meaning of the culture-bound word from explaining the history or the ingredients behind the culture-bound words so the international tourists can know the meaning behind the Indonesia culture-bound words without changing the names. In conclusion, both translator teams mostly used loan word strategy as their main strategy in the English translation, but still used other strategy in certain Indonesia culture-bound words.Keywords: translation, translation strategies, culture-bound words

Translanguaging in the Communicative Practice of Buyers and Sellers in Traditional Market

The purpose of this study is to examine the translanguaging practice of buyers and sellers in a traditional market in Palopo, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Translanguaging is a relatively new term in contemporary linguistics. By using the qualitative method, this study current study presents an alternative perspective to describe the existence of discrete languages and multilingualism by combining different language features and offers a critical assessment of the theory of bilingualism proposed by Waring (2013) and Garcia and Otheguy (2014) by drawing upon empirical data at our disposal. This study indicates some insightful characteristics of translanguaging practice performed by buyers and sellers. It consists of types, forms, functions, and factors. Firstly, the types of translanguage practices are internal, foreign words, and hybrid aspects. Secondly, this study managed to categorize the practice of translanguage in buyers’ and sellers’ interactions in three features, namely basic word insertions, invented word insertions, loan word insertions, phrase insertions, reduplications, and regional language particle insertions. This study is not intended to challenge or reject code-switching analyses previously reported by other scholars. However, it challenges the way those scholars’ view this real sociolinguistic language phenomenon through the theory of translanguaging. In summary, a multilingual community such as a traditional market in Palopo, South Sulawesi, represents the emergence of an awareness of language users to entertain social, cultural, and political entities in the practice of communication. Such awareness is reflected in people’s translanguaging structural utterances in their exchanges.

tinbl:bein fra middelalderens Lund

A small piece of a tubular sheepbone (length: 6,5 cm, diameter: 2 cm) was found in 1961 during an archaeological excavation of the medieval town of Lund. The artefact is contextually dated to the second half of the eleventh century. The bone piece is provided with finely carved teeth and carries an inscription in runes. The identification of each rune character is uncomplicated. The inscription says: tinbl:bein. The second sequence bein represents the noun Rune Danish bæin, Old Danish bēn ‘bone’ in all probability with reference to the piece itself and it is plausible that the inscription forms a compound designating the utensil in question, but which utensil? The difficult task is to interpret tinbl? The first suggestion by the late runologist, Erik Moltke, related the runes to the noun Rune Danish tæinn, Old Danish tēn ‘spindle’ and alternatively, to the noun and verb Old Danish twinnæ ‘a twine/to twine’ suggesting the artefact being a utensil for twining threads together, i.e. a twining-bone. Erik Moltkes suggestions seem neither linguistically nor technically convincing. The bone piece was a unique find in 1961, but now a number of similar archaeological artefacts seem to constitute a whole group. In this article, I suggest that the sequence tinbl reflects the noun Old English timple known as a loan word in post-medieval Nordic languages. The present day English form is temple and the present day Danish form is tempel and the word designates an implement used in weaving. Consequently, the runic object must be a temple-bone (Old Danish *timpelbēn) an end-piece of a primitive medieval temple.

Terms for Thralls and Their Meanings

In this chapter words for slaves are discussed using etymological and semantic analyses, and confronting the result with non-linguistic contextual evidence. The main words for a male and a female slave was obviously þræll and ambótt, the former probably an indigenous North-Germanic construction, the latter a loan word from Gallo-Latin. The terminological analysis reveal that although the legal situation for a slave in early Scandinavia was rather black-and-white – you where either free or unfree – socially there was more of a gliding grey-scale. This is also found in the earliest laws, especially where the laws describe the penalties for killing or abusing a slave; the penalties differed, sometimes quite remarkably. This analysis leads over to a discussion of a “patron–client” kind of situation. With a background in personal names, such as Wealtheow, Ansedeus, Angelþéow etc., where the second element is a word tewaz ‘slave, servant’, and the first element often the name of a god or a people, it is possible to identify an cultural code in early European societies.

Wyrazy mi(e)zyniec, mizynek ‘mały palec’, ‘najmłodsze dziecko, cielę, prosię, kurczę’ odczytane na nowo

The text discusses the wordsmi(e)zyniec, mizynek ‘little finger’, ‘youngest child, calf, piglet, chicken’. A few decades ago, K. Nitsch dedicated a separate study to this subject, published in the Język Polski journal. Our text, contingent on the methodologies of linguistic geography, presents the history and geography of these words in Polish within the broader Slavic context. It follows from the findings that the individual forms from the *měz- stem are to be differently viewed. Some forms may certainly be seen as relics of the early Slavic unity and cannot be treated as lexical borrowings. Besides, some forms, especially the *mězinъkъ deriva-tive which has no equivalent of the mie- form in the Polish language, can be seen as a Ukrainian loan word.

JEJAK BAHASA PROTO-AUSTRONESIA PADA PRASASTI GUNUNG TUA (LOKANĀTHA)

The problem of this research is how the PAN traces at the phonological, morphological, and syntactic levels on the Gunung Tua Inscription (Lokanātha). The purpose of this study was to determine the PAN traces at the phonological, morphological, and syntactic levels of the inscription. The method used is descriptive qualitative method. Based on the analysis carried out on that inscription, it is known that at the phonological level there are two words, namely /juru/ 'clever person' and /pāṇḍai/ 'clever, skilled’. The word /juru/ 'clever person' is a loan word from Sanskrit while the word /pāṇḍai/ 'clever, skilled' has the form PAN */paṇḍai/ 'clever, skilled'. Based on the morphological level, there are two words, namely {barbwat} 'making' and {tatkāla} 'when'. The word {barbwat} is formed from the free morpheme {bwat} 'make' and the second {bar-} bound morpheme is a PAN derivative. Meanwhile {tatkāla} 'when' is not a derivative of PAN but a loan word from Sanskrit which consists of two morphemes, namely {tāt} 'so' and {kālá} 'time' so that it becomes {tātkālá}. Based on the syntactic level, it can be concluded that BMK has a grammatical structure consisting of FAdv as adverb of time, FN as subject and object, and FV as predicate that are transitive in form.

THE TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS IN TO ALL THE BOYS I’VE LOVED BEFORE MOVIE

The objectives of the study to find out the types of English slang words used and strategies in translating slang words from English to Bahasa uttered in “To All the Boys I’ve Loved Before” movie. The data were collected using the theory of Partridge and Bloomfield, and theories of translation strategies by Mona Baker. The result showed that there were 61 slang words were found in this movie. They were classified into 7 types of slang words namely cockney slang, public house slang, workmen’s slang, slang in theater, slang in art, slang in public school and university, and society slang. Society slang is the utmost type of slang used in the movie and other pop cultures. The translation strategies used were translation by more general word, translation by more neutral/ less expressive, translation by paraphrase using the related word, paraphrase using the unrelated word, translation using loan word, cultural substitution, translation by omission, and translation by illustration. In conclusion, the researcher mostly used translation strategy named translation by a more general word in this research which has been determined by analyzing each source of data.

Translating across Languages and Cultures: A Study of Culture-Specific Terms in Bhattarai’s Muglan

The article aims to explore and categorize culture-specific terms (CSTs) in Bhattarai’s novel Muglan, investigate and analyze the strategies applied in the translated version, assess the strategies for plausibility and evaluate gaps in translation. The data for the study were collected from Nepali and English versions of the novel. The basic technique for collecting data was the observation, which was done by using a checklist. The selection of the 220 cultural terms from the novel was done by applying a purposive sampling procedure. They were investigated in terms of five categories and seven strategies. The major finding of the research was that the terms, categorized into five types, employed seven strategies. The most frequent strategy was the translation by cultural substitution, followed by loan word (plus explanation), neutral word and general word. The subsequent strategies were translation by paraphrase (related words), paraphrase (unrelated words) and omission. Moreover, not specific but different reasons were found in the selection and use of the strategies. Finally, the study found that cultural references necessitate the use of appropriate strategies for transferring them across languages.