Muscles, Nerves, and Skin

2021 ◽  
pp. 382-432
Author(s):  
Graham Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Neck Mass ◽  
Elastic Fibers ◽  
Adult Body Mass ◽  
Extensor Muscles ◽  
Unique Distribution ◽  
Forelimb Muscles ◽  
Main Support ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscles

The muscles of giraffes are similar to those of other artiodactyls but differ in order to accommodate the stresses associated with an extraordinary shape. Extensor muscles of the neck are relatively small but flexor muscles of the neck that have to contract against the elasticity of the ligament nuchae are well-developed. The muscle bodies of neck muscles are located at the base of the neck and exert their effects via long tendons, which minimizes neck mass. Giraffes rarely lie down, or sleep, or run. Consequently limb muscles give support more than movement and are more tendinous that muscular. The power to run is generated by hip flexors and extensors, aided by contractions of the gastrocnemius muscles. The forelimb is the main support for body mass and acts as the fulcrum for movement. Chest and forelimb muscles keep the shoulder and elbow joints rigid, but allow drinking and the complications that arise from it. Brain mass forms 0.5% of adult body mass. Eyes are large and the retina has a unique distribution of photoreceptors that provides both clear images of close objects and allows focusing on ground level objects. Peripheral nerves contain more sensory than motor fibers. The skin of giraffes forms ~10% of body mass, and has more collagen than elastic fibers. Skin panniculus muscles are absent, an absence compensated by sebaceous gland secretion of volatile compounds that repel insects. The development of the colors of skin markings begins in the last trimester of pregnancy.

Usual Adult Body Mass Index Is Not Predictive of Ovarian Cancer Survival

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 626-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten B. Moysich ◽  
Julie A. Baker ◽  
Ravi J. Menezes ◽  
Vijayvel Jayaprakash ◽  
Kerry J. Rodabaugh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cancer Survival ◽  
Adult Body Mass ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Adult Body Mass Index ◽  
Ovarian Cancer Survival

Child and Adolescent Affective and Behavioral Distress and Elevated Adult Body Mass Index

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather H. McClure ◽  
J. Mark Eddy ◽  
Jean M. Kjellstrand ◽  
J. Josh Snodgrass ◽  
Charles R. Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
Adult Body Mass ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Adult Body Mass Index

scholarly journals Retrospective analysis of GLEs and estimates of radiation risks

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. A52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonty I. Miroshnichenko
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Radiation Hazard ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Solar Cosmic Rays ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Recent Debate ◽  
Unique Distribution ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Ground Level Enhancements

28 February 2017 marked 75 years since the first confident registration of solar cosmic rays (SCRs), i.e., accelerated solar particles with energies from about 106 to ~1010 ÷ 1011 eV. Modern state of the problems related to the studies of Ground Level Enhancements (GLEs) of relativistic SCRs is critically analyzed based on available direct and proxy data. We are also taking into account extremely large fluxes of non-relativistic solar energetic particles (SEPs). Both kinds of SCR events are of great astrophysical and geo-scientific (geophysical) interests. A number of the GLE properties (total statistics, occurrence rate, longitude distribution, ranking of GLEs, a number of specific GLEs – so-called “rogue” SEP events etc.) are discussed in some detail. We note also the problems of GLE identification (definition) by ground-based observations, the difficulties in the studies of weak (“hidden”, or sub-) GLEs etc. One of serious challenges to the problem of radiation hazard in space is a lack of a clear, unambiguous relation between the fluxes (fluences) of relativistic SCR and non-relativistic SEPs. Special attention is paid to the recent debate on the validity, origin and properties of the “ancient” events AD775, AD994, AD1859 (Carrington event) and BC3372. We demonstrate that, in spite of existing uncertainties in proton fluences above 30 MeV, all of them are fitted well by a unique distribution function, at least, with the present level of solar activity. Extremely large SEP events are shown to obey a probabilistic distribution on their fluences with a sharp break in the range of large fluences (or low probabilities). The studies of this kind may be extended for periods with different levels of solar activity in the past and/or in the future. Dose rates at aircraft altitudes are also demonstrated during some GLEs. Several examples of using the SCR data and GLE properties in radiation prediction schemes are considered.

scholarly journals A Citizen Science Project: Associations of the Oral Microbiota with Body Mass Index and Measures of Sweet Taste Liking (P20-030-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sihan Bu ◽  
Kameron Sugino ◽  
Nicole Garneau ◽  
Tiffany Nuessle ◽  
Robin Tucker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Separate Group ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Adult Body Mass ◽  
Food And Agriculture

Abstract Objectives To determine if the oral microbiota is associated with body mass index (BMI) in adults. To determine if sweet taste liking measures are associated with the composition of the oral microbiota in either adults or children. Methods Participants ages 8 + years were recruited from visitors to the Denver Museum of Nature & Science. Participants sampled five concentrations of sucrose (0.0%, 2.4%, 4.3%, 7.7%, 13.7% w/v) by swishing and spitting 5 mL of each. Sweet taste liking for each solution was measured using a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS) with the anchors: ‘dislike extremely’ and ‘like extremely.’Participants used swabs to collect oral microbiota samples. DNA was extracted from these samples, 16S rRNA libraries were made, and the resulting libraries were sequenced. Height and weight were measured at the museum by trained staff. Results Overall, as adult body mass index (BMI) increased, alpha diversity (Chao1) of the adult oral microbiota decreased. The adult oral microbiota differed in membership. Underweight and normal weight participants had different oral microbiota communities than overweight and obese participants. These associations remained significant when females were analyzed as a separate group, but not when males were analyzed as a separate group. The differences were based on the types of bacteria present but not the abundance of those bacteria. Oral microbiota of underweight and normal weight participants were defined by the presence of Corynebacterium, Bacillus, and unclassified Clostridiales. With respect to sweet liking, alpha diversity (Chao1) was positively associated with liking of the 2.4% sucrose solution (tertiles) in female adults and female children. Conclusions Oral microbiota community structure is associated with adult BMI. Furthermore, the level of liking of sweet solutions in both adults and children is associated with alpha diversity of the oral microbiota. Funding Sources The Sweet-Tasting Study in the Genetics of Taste Lab was supported by both the Denver Museum of Nature & Science and the Denver Museum of Nature & Science Foundation. This work was also supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture and Michigan State AgBioResearch.

Muscle glucose uptake in the rat after suspension with single hindlimb weight bearing

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 2072-2078 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Stump ◽  
C. R. Woodman ◽  
R. F. Fregosi ◽  
C. M. Tipton
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Extracellular Space ◽  
Simulated Microgravity ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Cage Control ◽  
Hindlimb Muscles ◽  
Loss Of Mass ◽  
The Right ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscles

This study was designed to examine the effect of non-weight-bearing conditions and the systemic influences of simulated microgravity on rat hindlimb muscles. For this purpose, rats were suspended (SUS) in a head-down position (45 degrees) with the left hindlimb non-weight bearing (NWB) and the right hindlimb bearing 20% of presuspension body mass (WB). Weight bearing by the SUS-WB limb was accomplished by using a platform connected to a rod in sleeve, cable, and pulley apparatus to which weight could be added. Rats (250–325 g) were assigned to SUS or cage control (CC) conditions for 14 days. The angle between the foot and leg for SUS-WB and CC remained similar (20–30 degrees) throughout the experiment while the SUS-NWB hindlimbs extended to approximately 140 degrees by day 12. On day 14, the soleus, plantaris, and gastrocnemius muscles from the SUS-NWB limbs exhibited significantly lower (P < or = 0.05) masses than presuspension mass values (29, 11, and 21%, respectively). Weight bearing by the SUS-WB limbs prevented the loss of mass by these muscles. In separate groups of SUS and CC rats, 2-deoxyglucose uptake during hindlimb perfusion was significantly higher in both SUS-NWB and SUS-WB hindlimbs at 24,000 microU/ml of insulin compared with CC for all the muscles examined (21–80%). In addition, extracellular space (ml/g) was significantly greater in the soleus muscles from both the SUS-NWB and SUS-WB hindlimbs (64%) compared with CC muscles.

scholarly journals N-Acetylcysteine Reduces Skeletal Muscles Oxidative Stress and Improves Grip Strength in Dysferlin-Deficient Bla/J Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4293
Author(s):  
Paz García-Campos ◽  
Ximena Báez-Matus ◽  
Carlos Jara-Gutiérrez ◽  
Marilyn Paz-Araos ◽  
César Astorga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Screen Test ◽  
Protein Carbonyls ◽  
Oxidative Balance ◽  
Antioxidant Agent ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscles ◽  
Deficient Mice

Dysferlinopathy is an autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy resulting from mutations in the dysferlin gene. Absence of dysferlin in the sarcolemma and progressive muscle wasting are hallmarks of this disease. Signs of oxidative stress have been observed in skeletal muscles of dysferlinopathy patients, as well as in dysferlin-deficient mice. However, the contribution of the redox imbalance to this pathology and the efficacy of antioxidant therapy remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the effect of 10 weeks diet supplementation with the antioxidant agent N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 1%) on measurements of oxidative damage, antioxidant enzymes, grip strength and body mass in 6 months-old dysferlin-deficient Bla/J mice and wild-type (WT) C57 BL/6 mice. We found that quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles of Bla/J mice exhibit high levels of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, which were significantly reduced by NAC supplementation. By using the Kondziela’s inverted screen test, we further demonstrated that NAC improved grip strength in dysferlin deficient animals, as compared with non-treated Bla/J mice, without affecting body mass. Together, these results indicate that this antioxidant agent improves skeletal muscle oxidative balance, as well as muscle strength and/or resistance to fatigue in dysferlin-deficient animals.

Genotype–covariate interaction effects and the heritability of adult body mass index

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1174-1181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R Robinson ◽  
◽  
Geoffrey English ◽  
Gerhard Moser ◽  
Luke R Lloyd-Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Adult Body Mass ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Adult Body Mass Index

scholarly journals The coevolution of adult body mass and excretion rate between genetically size-divergent brook trout populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 438-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Guernon ◽  
Matthew C. Yates ◽  
Dylan J. Fraser ◽  
Alison M. Derry
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Excretion Rate ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Mass Energy ◽  
Maternal Factors ◽  
Mass Distributions ◽  
Adult Body Mass ◽  
Adult Body

We tested if there was a difference in mass-specific excretion rate between two genetically size-divergent brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations that can be accounted for by genetic/maternal factors. We conducted laboratory-based common garden experimentation using F1 generation fish, with five to seven families per population at two ages (0.5 year juveniles and 1.5 years adults). We found that genetic/maternal differences in excretion rate on a per gram basis coevolve with genetic divergence in adult body mass between the populations. However, this coevolution has also resulted in no net difference in excretion rate between populations when differences in adult body mass were accounted for. Uncertainty in census estimates and variation in body mass distributions created substantial variation in extrapolated whole-population excretion estimates. No other studies to our knowledge have tested for genetic/maternal divergence in excretion rate between genetically size-divergent fish populations. Genetically based population divergence in body mass, energy allocation in reproduction, and mass-specific excretion rate in the brook trout was likely a result of selection associated with differences in the availability of overwintering habitat between streams.

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