How Did Communist Regimes Differ from Each Other?

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
George W. Breslauer
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
International Economy ◽  
Joseph Stalin ◽  
The World ◽  
Communist Movement ◽  
Over Time

The death of Joseph Stalin in 1953, and his successors’ decision to eliminate the use of mass terror and to improve the population’s standard of living, led to a variety of responses over time to the “de-Stalinization” of Soviet governance and of relations within the world communist movement. The responses included worker rebellions, full-scale revolution, democratization from below, democratization from within the communist party, retention of Stalinist despotism, and transformation of the economic system (to “market Leninism”) and integration into the capitalist international economy.

Nanotechnology and Microelectronics

2010 ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ndubuisi Ekekwe
Keyword(s):  
Technology Diffusion ◽  
World Economy ◽  
International Economy ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
National Competitiveness ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Technology Capability ◽  
Gross World Product ◽  
Over Time

For many centuries, the gross world product was flat. But as technology penetrated many economies, over time, the world economy has expanded. Technology will continue to shape the future of commerce, industry and culture with likes of nanotechnology and microelectronics directly or indirectly playing major roles in redesigning the global economic structures. These technologies will drive other industries and will be central to a new international economy where technology capability will determine national competitiveness. Technology-intensive firms will emerge and new innovations will evolve a new dawn in wealth creation. Nations that create or adopt and then diffuse these technologies will profit. Those that fail to use technology as a means to compete internationally will find it difficult to progress economically. This chapter provides insights on global technology diffusion, the drivers and impacts with specific focus on nanotechnology and microelectronics. It also discusses the science of these technologies along with the trends, realities and possibilities, and the barriers which must be overcome for higher global penetration rates.

A Star is Born

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
William Klinger ◽  
Denis Kuljiš
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
October Revolution ◽  
Party Organization ◽  
Joseph Stalin ◽  
The World ◽  
The Revolution

This chapter begins with a small group of conspirators of a communist cell that were attending the Eighth Conference of the Zagreb party organization. It mentions Josip Broz as the organizing secretary of the Zagreb party organization who openly presented the struggle that was initiated and controlled by Moscow. Later, Broz will become a famous statesman known as Marshal Tito. The chapter discusses the communist strategy after the October Revolution, in which protagonists of the conflict were Joseph Stalin and eight other members of the Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). It also refers to Comrade Trotsky, the “prophet of the revolution” and Stalin's chief antagonist, who thinks that all revolutionaries in the world should be supported, including the Chinese communists who were inciting the Shanghai proletariat to rise up in arms.

scholarly journals La conférence de Berlin de juin 1976 : analyse du discours communiste

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-469
Author(s):  
Lilly Marcou
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
World Congress ◽  
Preparatory Phase ◽  
The World ◽  
Analyse Du Discours ◽  
Communist Movement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Party Congress

The Berlin Congress would seem to have completed the historic sequence of Congresses begun in 1957 with the Moscow world congress of Communist parties. It represents a turning point in the history of the Communist movement, especially as it pertains to Europe. Its long and laborious preparatory phase as well as the density and contradictory nature of its proceedings provide a new image of European Communism in crisis by bringing together a diversity of governing parties. Certain among the latter are all-powerful in their countries, others, important opposition forces involved closely or indirectly in the process of governing, while others are either underground or represent an infinitely small portion of their respective electorates. The Berlin Congress was the theater of debates containing the potentialities of conflict that animate the European Communist parties. It confirmed and stabilized a major phenomenon whose origins are to be found at the world Communist Party Congress of 1969 - Eurocommunism.

The Rise and Demise of World Communism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. Breslauer
Keyword(s):  
North Korea ◽  
International Order ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Party Organization ◽  
The Public ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Revolutionary Violence ◽  
The World ◽  
Communist Movement ◽  
Over Time

Sixteen states came to be ruled by communist parties during the twentieth century. Only five of them remain in power today. This book explores the nature of communist regimes—what they share in common, how they differ from each other, and how they differentially evolved over time. The book finds that these regimes all came to power in the context of warfare or its aftermath, followed by the consolidation of power by a revolutionary elite that came to value “revolutionary violence” as the preferred means to an end, based upon Marx’s vision of apocalyptic revolution and Lenin’s conception of party organization. All these regimes went on to “build socialism” according to a Stalinist template, and were initially dedicated to “anti-imperialist struggle” as members of a “world communist movement.” But their common features gave way to diversity, difference, and defiance after the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953. For many reasons, and in many ways, those differences soon blew apart the world communist movement. They eventually led to the collapse of European communism. The remains of communism in China, Vietnam, Laos, North Korea, and Cuba were made possible by the first three transforming their economic systems, opening to the capitalist international order, and abandoning “anti-imperialist struggle.” North Korea and Cuba have hung on due to the elites avoiding splits visible to the public. Analytically, the book explores, throughout, the interaction among the internal features of communist regimes (ideology and organization), the interactions among them within the world communist movement, and the interaction of communist states with the broader international order of capitalist powers.

Functioning of enterprises in the global economy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Kaledin ◽  
Marina Motorina
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
World Market ◽  
International Economy ◽  
The World ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
National Economies

In the modern economic system, there is a continuous acceleration of the integration processes that lead to the formation of a unified global economic system. The international economy can no longer be described as a community of sufficiently independent and even largely self-sufficient national economies. Accordingly, the concept of internationalization can no longer be used to describe contemporary international relations, which traditionally presupposes, above all, the prevailing role of international trade, manifested in the mass entry of national companies into the world market. At present, the processes of unification and interdependence affect not so much trade as the universal interrelationships of the countries of the world. В современной экономической системе происходит непрерывное ускорение объединительных процессов, вызывающих формирование единой глобальной мирохозяйственной системы. Международная экономика уже не может быть охарактеризована как сообщество достаточно независимых и даже во многом самодостаточных национальных экономик. Соответственно, для описания современных международных отношений уже не может использоваться понятие интернационализации, традиционно предполагающее, прежде всего, превалирующую роль международной торговли, проявляющуюся в массовости выхода национальных компаний на мировой рынок. В настоящее время процессы объединения и установления взаимозависимостей затрагивают не столько торговые, сколько всеобщие взаимосвязи стран мира.

Nanotechnology and Microelectronics

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Ndubuisi Ekekwe
Keyword(s):  
Technology Diffusion ◽  
World Economy ◽  
International Economy ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
National Competitiveness ◽  
Specific Focus ◽  
The World ◽  
Technology Capability ◽  
Gross World Product ◽  
Over Time

For many centuries, the gross world product was flat. But as technology penetrated many economies, over time, the world economy has expanded. Technology will continue to shape the future of commerce, industry and culture with likes of nanotechnology and microelectronics directly or indirectly playing major roles in redesigning the global economic structures. These technologies will drive other industries and will be central to a new international economy where technology capability will determine national competitiveness. Technology-intensive firms will emerge and new innovations will evolve a new dawn in wealth creation. Nations that create or adopt and then diffuse these technologies will profit. Those that fail to use technology as a means to compete internationally will find it difficult to progress economically. This article provides insights on global technology diffusion, the drivers and impacts with specific focus on nanotechnology and microelectronics. It also discusses the science of these technologies along with the trends, realities and possibilities, and the barriers which must be overcome for higher global penetration rates.

scholarly journals Modelling of Regional Economic Metabolism

Climate ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Afonso Silva ◽  
Bruno Augusto ◽  
Sandra Rafael ◽  
Johnny Reis ◽  
Myriam Lopes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Urban Metabolism ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
The World ◽  
Over Time

The current linear economic system has led Europe to unsustainable development, aggravating several issues, such as climate change, limitation of resources, and pollution. As a sustainable alternative, circular economy (CE) has been promoted around the world. This economic system allows for the maximization of a product’s life, thus decreasing its environmental impact and increasing its value. The main goal of this work is to scrutinise the concepts of CE over time, from the beginning of the concept, to its implementation in Europe and its application in Portugal. In addition, the requirement for strategies that led to studies on regional urban metabolism are addressed. Another goal is to examine Portugal and see how the country is dealing with the implementation of strategies for CE, moving from concept to practice. This part of the work resulted in the creation of the REMET-UA model, a tool to assess the regional economic metabolism, which also has the potential to evaluate synergies of materials in terms of fluxes between regions, maximizing the amount of information available at this scale for municipalities and enterprises to be used, having taken into account the purpose of circular economy. The results showed that REMET-UA is fully operational and corresponds to the goal for which the model was made. Future developments have been identified and are underway to improve the model and bring it as close to reality as possible.

Globalization and interconfessional communications

2001 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Serhii Viktorovych Svystunov
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The World ◽  
Target Set ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Rapid Appearance

In the 21st century, the world became a sign of globalization: global conflicts, global disasters, global economy, global Internet, etc. The Polish researcher Casimir Zhigulsky defines globalization as a kind of process, that is, the target set of characteristic changes that develop over time and occur in the modern world. These changes in general are reduced to mutual rapprochement, reduction of distances, the rapid appearance of a large number of different connections, contacts, exchanges, and to increase the dependence of society in almost all spheres of his life from what is happening in other, often very remote regions of the world.

Trading Barriers

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret E. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Immigration Policy ◽  
International Competition ◽  
International Economy ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
Foreign Competition ◽  
Capital Movements ◽  
Social Concerns ◽  
Business Support ◽  
The World ◽  
At Home

Why have countries increasingly restricted immigration even when they have opened their markets to foreign competition through trade or allowed their firms to move jobs overseas? This book argues that the increased ability of firms to produce anywhere in the world combined with growing international competition due to lowered trade barriers has led to greater limits on immigration. The book explains that businesses relying on low-skill labor have been the major proponents of greater openness to immigrants. Immigration helps lower costs, making these businesses more competitive at home and abroad. However, increased international competition, due to lower trade barriers and greater economic development in the developing world, has led many businesses in wealthy countries to close or move overseas. Productivity increases have allowed those firms that have chosen to remain behind to do more with fewer workers. Together, these changes in the international economy have sapped the crucial business support necessary for more open immigration policies at home, empowered anti-immigrant groups, and spurred greater controls on migration. Debunking the commonly held belief that domestic social concerns are the deciding factor in determining immigration policy, this book demonstrates the important and influential role played by international trade and capital movements.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document