Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Jonathan Fox ◽  
Lev Topor
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
National Data ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Comprehensive Comparison ◽  
Cross National

This chapter introduces and summarizes the book. It addresses four questions: First, what is this book about? Most studies focus on anti-Semitism. This book focuses on the causes of discriminating against Jews. The authors’ findings are valid whether or not this discrimination or its causes are labeled as anti-Semitic. Second, what are the patterns of discrimination against Jews? The authors address this in more detail in Chapter 2. Third, what are the causes of discrimination against Jews? This book focuses on three prominent theories from the anti-Semitism literature: religious motivations, anti-Israel motivations, and belief in conspiracy theories of Jewish power. Fourth, why is this study unique? This is the first book to examine the causes of discrimination against Jews using cross-national data from 76 countries. It also provides a comprehensive comparison of the predictions found in the anti-Semitism and social science academic literatures focusing on theories which explain the causes of discrimination.

Conclusions

2021 ◽  
pp. 164-188
Author(s):  
Jonathan Fox ◽  
Lev Topor
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Religious Minorities ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Anti Semitism

This chapter looks at the broader picture. It reviews from a broader perspective what the anti-Semitism and general social science literatures can learn from each other. It also discusses how this study impacts the understanding of (1) the causes of discrimination against Jews, (2) the causes of discrimination against religious minorities, (3) the causes of discrimination in general, and (4) how all of this impacts on the understanding of anti-Semitism. One interesting finding in this chapter is that conspiracy theories of Jewish power predict not only discrimination against Jews, but also discrimination against other religious minorities.

Why Do People Discriminate against Jews?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Fox ◽  
Lev Topor
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Minority Populations ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Religious Minorities ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Science Literature ◽  
Anti Jewish

This book provides a new and innovative approach to answering the age-old question of why people discriminate against Jews. The authors argue that anti-Semitism and discrimination are distinct concepts. While anti-Semitism is a negative attitude toward Jews, discrimination is a negative real-world action taken against Jews. From this perspective, one can hold anti-Semitic beliefs but not discriminate, while another can discriminate against Jews but be less anti-Semitic in general. In this context, anti-Semitism is seen as a potential cause of discrimination against Jews, but not the only one. This book examines anti-Jewish discrimination using a two-pronged approach. First, it combines and integrates ideas and theories from classic studies of anti-Semitism with social science theories on the causes of discrimination. For example, social science theories developed to explain how governments justify discrimination against Muslims can help explain the processes that lead to discrimination against Jews. Similarly, conspiracy theories, a major topic in the anti-Semitism literature, are relatively unexplored in the social science literature as a potential instigator of discrimination. Second, the authors use previously unavailable data on discrimination against Jews in 76 countries with significant Jewish minority populations to analyze the patterns and causes of discrimination. They find that government-based discrimination against Jews is below average, but societal discrimination is higher against Jews than most other religious minorities. They focus on three potential causes: religious causes, anti-Zionism, and belief in conspiracy theories about Jewish power and world domination. While all of these factors cause discrimination against Jews, conspiracy theories are the strongest predictors.

scholarly journals Assessing Short-Term Fertility Intentions and Their Realisation Using the Generations and Gender Survey: Pitfalls and Challenges

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuzanna Brzozowska ◽  
Eva Beaujouan
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Intentions ◽  
Fertility Intention ◽  
National Data ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Questionnaire Adaptation ◽  
Cross National

AbstractThe use of fertility intention questions to study individual childbearing behaviour has developed rapidly in recent decades. In Europe, the Generations and Gender Surveys are the main sources of cross-national data on fertility intentions and their realisation. This study investigates how an inconsistent implementation of a question about wanting a child now affects the cross-country comparability of intentions to have a child within the next three years and their realisation. We conduct our analysis separately for women and men at prime and late reproductive ages in Austria, France, Italy and Poland. The results show that the overall share of respondents intending to have a child at some point in their life is similar in all four analysed countries. However, once the time horizon and the degree of certainty of fertility intentions are included, substantial cross-country differences appear, particularly in terms of proceptive behaviour and, consequently, the realisation of fertility intentions. We conclude that the inconsistent questionnaire adaptation makes it very difficult to assess the role of country context in the realisation of childbearing intentions.

Cross-National Data on Victims of Bullying: What is Really Being Measured?

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter K. Smith ◽  
Susanne Robinson ◽  
Barbara Marchi
Keyword(s):  
National Data ◽  
Victims Of Bullying ◽  
Cross National

scholarly journals Lockdown Lives: A longitudinal study of inter-relationships amongst feelings of loneliness, social contacts and solidarity during the COVID-19 lockdown in early 2020.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolien van Breen ◽  
Maja Kutlaca ◽  
Yasin Koc ◽  
Bertus F. Jeronimus ◽  
Anne Margit Reitsema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Public Understanding ◽  
National Data ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Public ◽  
Time Points ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cross National

In this work, we study how social contacts and feelings of solidarity shape experiences of loneliness during the COVID-19 lockdown in early 2020. We draw on cross-national data, collected across four time points between mid-March until early May 2020. We situate our work within the public debate on these issues and discuss to what extent the public understanding of the impact of lockdown is borne out in the data. Results show, first, that although online contacts are beneficial in combating feelings of loneliness, people who feel more lonely are less likely to make use of this strategy. Second, online contacts do not function as a substitute to face-to-face contacts - in fact, more frequent online contacts in earlier weeks predicted an increase in face-to-face contacts in later weeks. Finally, solidarity played only a small role in shaping people’s feelings of loneliness during lockdown. In sum, our findings suggest that we must look beyond the current focus on online contact and solidarity, if we want to help people address their feelings of loneliness. We hope that this work will be instrumental not only in understanding the impact of the lockdown in early 2020, but also in preparing for possible future lockdown periods.

Six Sigma to distinguish patterns in COVID-19 approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem Salentijn ◽  
Jiju Antony ◽  
Jacqueline Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Six Sigma ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
National Data ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Data Registration ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Special Causes ◽  
Cross National

PurposeCOVID-19 has changed life as we know. Data are scarce and necessary for making decisions on fighting COVID-19. The purpose of this paper is to apply Six Sigma techniques on the current COVID-19 pandemic to distinguish between special cause and common cause variation. In the DMAIC structure, different approaches applied in three countries are compared.Design/methodology/approachFor three countries the mortality is compared to the population to distinguish between special cause variation and common cause variation. This variation and the patterns in it are assessed to the countries' different approaches to COVID-19.FindingsIn the DMAIC problem-solving approach, patterns in the data are distinguished. The special cause variation is assessed to the special causes and approaches. The moment on which measures were taken has been essential, as well as policies on testing and distancing.Research limitations/implicationsCross-national data comparisons are a challenge as countries have different moments on which they register data on their population. Furthermore, different intervals are taken, varying from registering weekly to registering yearly. For the research, three countries with similar data registration and different approaches in fighting COVID-19 were taken.Originality/valueThis is the first study with Master Black Belts from different countries on the application of Six Sigma techniques and the DMAIC from the viewpoint of special cause variation on COVID-19.

Women’s participation and challenges to the liberal script: A global perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 026858092110609
Author(s):  
Julia C Lerch ◽  
Evan Schofer ◽  
David John Frank ◽  
Wesley Longhofer ◽  
Francisco O Ramirez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
National Data ◽  
The Public ◽  
Education Politics ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Participation In Higher Education ◽  
Cross National

Existing scholarship documents large worldwide increases in women’s participation in the public sphere over recent decades, for example, in education, politics, and the labor force. Some scholars have argued that these changes follow broader trends in world society, especially its growing liberalism, which increasingly has reconfigured social life around the choices of empowered and rights-bearing individuals, regardless of gender. Very recently, however, a variety of populisms and nationalisms have emerged to present alternatives to liberalism, including in the international arena. We explore here their implications for women’s participation in public life. We use cross-national data to analyze changes in women’s participation in higher education, the polity, and the economy 1970–2017. We find that women’s participation on average continues to expand over this period, but there is evidence of a growing cross-national divergence. In most domains, women’s participation tends to be lower in countries linked to illiberal international organizations, especially in the recent-most period.

Between Mao and Gandhi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ches Thurber
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Relational Theory ◽  
New Wave ◽  
National Data ◽  
Civil Resistance ◽  
The Social ◽  
Nonviolent Action ◽  
The Arab Spring ◽  
Ability And Willingness ◽  
Cross National

From Eastern Europe to South Africa to the Arab Spring, nonviolent action has proven capable of overthrowing autocratic regimes and bringing about revolutionary political change. How do dissidents come to embrace a nonviolent strategy in the first place? Why do others rule it out in favor of taking up arms? Despite a new wave of attention to the effectiveness and global impact of nonviolent movements, our understanding of their origins and trajectories remains limited. Drawing on cases from Nepal, Syria, India and South Africa, as well as global cross-national data, this book details the processes through which challenger organizations come to embrace or reject civil resistance as a means of capturing state power. It develops a relational theory, showing how the social ties that underpin challenger organizations shape their ability and willingness to attempt regime change using nonviolent means alone.

Editorial

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Daniele Checci ◽  
Janet Gornick
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Data Center ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Final Outcome ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
National Data ◽  
Blind Review ◽  
The University ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Cross National

The articles included in this special issue of the Journal of Income Distribution are a selection of papers originally presented at the first LIS-LWS Users Conference, hosted by LIS, the cross-national data center in Luxembourg. The conference took place at the University of Luxembourg in Belval, Luxembourg, on April 27- 28, 2017. The submitted papers underwent a process of blind review, and this collection of five articles is the final outcome. Taken as a whole, these articles constitute an interesting overview of the ways in which the research community uses the LIS-LWS Databases, which provide researchers access to microdata on income and wealth, respectively.

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